Kinetics, morphology and pulling regimes for sensing tips in near-field microscopy

Yakobson, Boris I.; Paesler, M. A.

doi:10.1016/0304-3991(94)00146-e

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…From this model it is possible to extract a differential equation that describes the fiber profile from geometrical considerations alone. Note that although a cylinder is not the equilibrium surface, 12 the assumption that the remaining glass takes this form is valid providing the time scale involved in the pulling process t p , is less than the time associated with the development of varicose instabilities t v . This is achieved by performing the pull at not too high a temperature, where the glass is still reasonably viscous.…”

Section: The Primary Taper Fiber Profilementioning

confidence: 99%

“…This determines the start of the secondary taper and from this point on, the fiber cooling is dominated by radiation. 12 Simple estimates suggest that the losses associated with conduction and convection are around an order of magnitude smaller than the radiation contribution. Stefan's law gives the change in temperature with time for a cylinder and, as the cylinder is usually well above room temperature, other heating effects are assumed to be negligible.…”

Section: The Physics Of the Secondary Tapermentioning

confidence: 99%

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Melt-drawn scanning near-field optical microscopy probe profiles

Williamson

Miles

1996

Journal of Applied Physics

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Consistently obtaining super-resolution with scanning near-field optical microscopy depends almost entirely on the ability to manufacture reproducibly probes with aperture sizes smaller than 100 nm. The probe fabrication process usually involves heating an optical fiber using a CO 2 laser and melt-drawing the glass to produce a taper. A number of variables ultimately define the taper shape but the actual effects these parameters have are still not clear. In this work, the physics behind the taper formation is examined in detail for the first time and equations describing the initial taper profile and the final aperture size are derived in terms of the experimental conditions. It is shown that the taper shape is primarily determined by the laser spot size. The pulling force, although important, has a lower significance. Continuum mechanics and Stefan's law are used to show that the aperture size is closely related to the radius of the fiber at the start of the hard pull and the fiber temperature at that time. Further comparisons of experimental data with the expected taper profile exposes the heating effect of the CO 2 laser. Further analysis is given using a form of Mie theory which describes the interaction of electromagnetic fields with cylindrical structures. These results give many significant insights into the fabrication process and the formation of the aperture.

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Section: The Primary Taper Fiber Profilementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Physics Of the Secondary Tapermentioning

confidence: 99%

Melt-drawn scanning near-field optical microscopy probe profiles

Williamson

Miles

1996

Journal of Applied Physics

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“…Recent development in microengineering and nanosciences has found many applications of micro/nanopipettes, such as generating microdroplets [ 8 ], single-molecule fluorescence tracking [ 2 ], creating nanoscale features by nanolithography and nanowriting methods [ 9 ], and nanosensing in scanning probe microscopy [ 10 ]. Although there are many studies in the literature on the shapes and geometries of pipettes [ 1 , 6 , 11 - 15 ], there are no reports about numerical analysis on the effect of pulling parameters on surface roughness properties of glass micropipettes. This information is important in applications which require direct contact of pipette and samples.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface properties of glass micropipettes and their effect on biological studies

Malboubi

Jiang

2011

Nanoscale Res Lett

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In this paper, an investigation on surface properties of glass micropipettes and their effect on biological applications is reported. Pipettes were pulled under different pulling conditions and the effect of each pulling parameter was analyzed. SEM stereoscopic technique was used to reveal the surface roughness properties of pipette tip and pipette inner wall in 3D. More than 20 pipettes were reconstructed. Pipette heads were split open using focused ion beam (FIB) milling for access to the inner walls. It is found that surface roughness parameters are strongly related on the tip size. Bigger pipettes have higher average surface roughness and lower developed interfacial area ratio. Furthermore, the autocorrelation of roughness model of the inner surface shows that the inner surface does not have any tendency of orientation and is not affected by pulling direction. To investigate the effect of surface roughness properties on biological applications, patch-clamping tests were carried out by conventional and FIB-polished pipettes. The results of the experiments show that polished pipettes make significantly better seals. The results of this work are of important reference value for achieving pipettes with desired surface properties and can be used to explain biological phenomenon such as giga-seal formation.

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“…This makes intuitive sense if one considers how the fiber softens and flows to allow good tips to form under a given load and is determined largely by how the viscosity of the glass changes in time. 15 In chalcogenides, the slope of the viscosity versus temperature curve is steeper than in silica, 16 so the range of temperature control is correspondingly narrower. At low currents, sufficient just to soften the fiber and enable viscous flow, the resulting tapers were rounded at very large diameters and had no useable tips.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

Fabrication of single-mode chalcogenide fiber probes for scanning near-field infrared optical microscopy

Schaafsma

1999

Opt. Eng

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We fabricate scanning near-field optical microscope (IR-SNOM) probe tips made from singlemode chalcogenide fiber and test them using a standard SNOM setup and free-electron laser. SEM micrographs, showing tips with submicrometer physical dimensions, demonstrate the feasibility of the thermal micropipette puller process used to create the tips. Topographical data obtained using a shear-force nearfield microscope exhibit spatial resolution in the range of 80 to 100 nm. Optical data in the IR (near 3.5 m), using the probe tips in collection mode, indicate an optical spatial resolution of approximately /15.

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Kinetics, morphology and pulling regimes for sensing tips in near-field microscopy

Cited by 7 publications

References 7 publications

Melt-drawn scanning near-field optical microscopy probe profiles

Melt-drawn scanning near-field optical microscopy probe profiles

Surface properties of glass micropipettes and their effect on biological studies

Fabrication of single-mode chalcogenide fiber probes for scanning near-field infrared optical microscopy

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