Kinetics and mechanism of the anionic polymerization of acrylamide monomers

Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for the production of 3-aminopropionic acid

“…Poly-β-alanine is traditionally produced from acrylamide in the presence of a strong base catalyst, but this method leads to the formation of undesirable branched polymeric structures (Gur'eva et al, 2007). Recently, however, a new 3-AP-based route for the efficient production of poly-β-alanine was introduced and validated (Steunenberg et al, 2013).…”

Direct Synthesis of Hyperbranched Poly(acrylic acid-co-3-hydroxypropionate)

“…Breslow et al [1] revealed that base-catalyzed HTP of acrylamide, methacrylamide, crotonamide, and so forth resulted in the corresponding aliphatic polyamides. Then, many scientists reported kinetics [2,3], mechanism [4][5][6], and application of base-catalyzed HTP to various acrylamide derivatives [7][8][9][10][11]. Base-catalyzed HTP was not interesting for scientists possibly due to the low degree of polymerization (DP) [2][3][4][5][6][7][8], uncontrolled branching [12,13], sometimes low yield [7,8], and applicability to limited monomers.…”

“…But some points still remained unclear. Rozenberg et al [3,16] have recently published many detailed studies on mechanism and kinetics of base-catalyzed HTP of hydroxyethyl (met) acrylate [16] and some acrylamide derivatives [3]. Rozenberg et al elicited complex mechanism of HTP and well-characterized the structures of the hyperbranched products.…”

Enzyme‐Catalyzed Ring‐Opening Polymerization of Unsubstituted β‐Lactam

“…[13] Unfortunately, this method of polymerization leads to branched polymers. [14] In this communication, we present a new enzymatic route using Candida antarctica lipase B immobilized as novozyme 435 to produce unbranched poly(b-alanine) starting from unsubstituted 2-azetidinone. Ring-opening of substituted b-lactams with lipase was reported before [15] but not with the aim to polymerize.…”