Kinetic study on the reaction of lauric acid with ethanol catalyzed by deep eutectic solvent based on cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide

Abstract

In this work, a novel type of deep eutectic solvents (DES: CTAB–DES) based on cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) was successfully synthesized by mixing CTAB with p‐toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate and applied as catalysts for the esterification reaction of ethanol and lauric acid. The kinetics of the reaction of ethanol and lauric acid catalyzed by CTAB–DES was investigated in the temperature range of 328.15–348.15 K. The influence of different parameters including agitation speed, temperature, catalyst loading, and the lauric acid to ethanol molar ratio on the conversion of lauric acid was discussed. The kinetic experimental data obtained were correlated by the pseudo‐homogeneous model, and the results show that it can predict the reaction process well. Moreover, CTAB–DES can be reused six times without any significant decrease in catalytic activity.

Kinetics for the biodiesel production from lauric acid over Keggin heteropolyacid loaded in silica framework

“…Pseudo-homogeneous kinetic models have been used to describe the biodiesel production from the lauric acid esterification with ethanol over several catalytic systems such as ZnL2 [36], [(n-bu-SO3H)MIM][HSO4] [37], deep eutectic solvents based on cetyl J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) [38], and over 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidonium hydrogen sulfate ([Hnmp]HSO4) [39] and silicotungstic acid encapsulated UiO-66 [40] using methanol. However, Langmuir-Hinshelwood-Hougen-Watson (LHHW) and Eley-Rideal (ER) heterogeneous kinetic models have been succesfully used to describe esterification kinetics of several heterogeneous catalytic systems for biodiesel production over niobium oxide [41], Amberlyst 46 [42], ion exchange resin [43], Amberlyst 15 [44] and 12-tungstophosphoric acid/SBA-15 [45].…”

Synthesis of isobutyl cinnamate based on DESs catalyst: Optimization and kinetics

“…The increase in cinnamic acid conversion was evident when the stirring speed was increased from 400 rpm to 600 rpm, but there was no significant increase in conversion when 800 rpm was reached. The reason for this may be that increasing the stirring speed can promote mass transfer and reduce the external diffusion resistance, 34 while when the stirring speed reached 600 rpm, the external diffusion resistance had largely been eliminated 35 and the conversion rate was not significantly improved. Accordingly, 600 rpm was chosen as the optimum stirring speed for the subsequent experiments.…”

Optimization of a polyvinyl butyral synthesis process based on response surface methodology and artificial neural network

“…22 Deep eutectic solvent (DES) has been developed as a novel alternative to ILs. 23,24 It is synthesized by mixing a hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) (quaternary ammonium salts) and a hydrogen bond donor (HBD) (carboxylic acids) at 60-80 °C, [25][26][27] and is cheap, biodegradable, low toxic and reusable. [28][29][30] Hence, DES as a catalyst has potential applications in polymer chemistry and synthetic organic chemistry.…”