Kinetic study on the chlorination of β-spodumene for lithium extraction with Cl2 gas

Barbosa, Lucía; Valente, Nicholas; González, Jorge A.

doi:10.1016/j.tca.2013.01.033

Cited by 22 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The experimental data of the mineral dissolution in HF medium were analyzed with the Modelado software developed by Quiroga (2002). This software was designed for the kinetic treatment of different types of heterogeneous reactions, such as sublimation of solids in gases, catalytic, and non-catalytic solid-fluid reactions [15][16][17][18]. The kinetic model was estimated using the experimental data obtained at different temperatures ( Figure 5), selecting as most probable models those that had regression errors-associated with each temperature level-less than 5%.…”

Section: Kinetic Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Study of the Extraction Kinetics of Lithium by Leaching β-Spodumene with Hydrofluoric Acid

2016

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Parameters affecting the kinetics of the dissolution of β-spodumene with hydrofluoric acid have been investigated. The experimental tests were carried out in a closed vessel. The influence of several parameters, such as stirring speed, temperature, and reaction time were studied in order to deduce the kinetics of the dissolution reaction. The other parameters, particle size −45 µm; HF concentration 4% v/v, and the solid-liquid ratio 0.95% w/v were kept constant. The results indicate that the stirring speed does not have an important effect on the dissolution of the mineral above 330 rpm. The extent of the leaching of β-spodumene increases with temperature and reaction time augmentations. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses of some residues in which the conversion was lower than 30% indicated a selective attack on certain zones of the particle. The treatment of the experimental data was carried out using the Modelado software. The model that best represents the dissolution of the mineral is the following: ln(1 − X) = −b 1 [ln(1 + b 2 t) − b 2 t/(1 + b 2 t)]. This model is based on "nucleation and growth of nuclei" theory, and describes the style of attack physically observed by SEM on the residues.

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Section: Kinetic Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Barbosa et al studied the kinetics of β-spodumene chlorination, and found that the reaction with chlorine begins in preferential sites of the mineral surface. They suggest that the defects contained in the crystal structure of the mineral may account for the formation of these preferential sites [16].…”

Section: Kinetic Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of the Extraction Kinetics of Lithium by Leaching β-Spodumene with Hydrofluoric Acid

2016

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“…Thebrines are heated by solar power to at emperature that allows for an evaporative concentration of the Li brines under the given wind speed. They comprise ad irect chlorination with Cl 2 (T = 1000-1100 8 8C) to yield gaseous lithium chloride, [117] an autoclaved digestion process for b-spodumene carbonatization with Na 2 CO 3 , [118] and leaching with HF (7 %) followed by separation of the by-products sodium cryolite (Na 3 AlF 6 )a nd sodium fluorosilicate (Na 2 SiF 6 ). [98] Angewandte Chemie Reviews 2558 www.angewandte.org Themost commonly applied processes for the recovery of lithium from siliceous lithium ores are pyrometallurgical roasting with H 2 SO 4 and limestone digestion with CaCO 3 .…”

Section: Extraction Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[116] An umber of alternative approaches,p articularly for spodumene,b ut also for petalite,l epidolite,a nd zinnwaldite were more recently developed (summarized in Figure S5 in the Supporting Information). They comprise ad irect chlorination with Cl 2 (T = 1000-1100 8 8C) to yield gaseous lithium chloride, [117] an autoclaved digestion process for b-spodumene carbonatization with Na 2 CO 3 , [118] and leaching with HF (7 %) followed by separation of the by-products sodium cryolite (Na 3 AlF 6 )a nd sodium fluorosilicate (Na 2 SiF 6 ). [119] However, these approaches have not yet been scaled up to acommercial scale.…”

Section: Extraction Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Valuable Metals—Recovery Processes, Current Trends, and Recycling Strategies

et al. 2017

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This Review provides an overview of valuable metals, the supply of which has been classified as critical for Europe. Starting with a description of the current state of the art, novel approaches for their recovery from primary resources are presented as well as recycling processes. The focus lies on developments since 2005. Chemistry strategies which are used in metal recovery are summarized on the basis of the individual types of deposit and mineral. In addition, the economic importance as well as utilization of the metals is outlined.

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“…. They include a direct chlorination with chlorine gas ( T = 1000–1100 °C) to form gaseous lithium chloride , , an autoclave process for the carbonation of β ‐spodumene using Na 2 CO 3 , leaching with hydrofluoric acid (7 %), and subsequent separation of the by‐products cryolite (Na 3 AlF 6 ) and sodium hexafluorosilicate (Na 2 SiF 6 ) as well as the pyrometallurgical reaction with gypsum (CaSO 4 ·2H 2 O) and slaked lime (Ca(OH) 2 ) with subsequent leaching in hot water (gypsum method) . However, the common feature of all proposed procedures is that they have not yet been scaled‐up to large technical scales.…”

Section: Lithium Mineralsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lithium Recovery from Challenging Deposits: Zinnwaldite and Magnesium‐Rich Salt Lake Brines

et al. 2017

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Lithium can be found in its bound form in silicatic rocks and dissolved in salt lake brines. Both types of lithium resources, whose amounts exceed the expected demand for lithium by several times, are used for lithium recovery. The known lithium resources and their geochemical characteristics are reviewed together with the presently applied recovery processes which are still very similar to the historically early techniques. New processes for direct carbonization of zinnwaldite, hydrochloric and oxalic acid leaching as well as a new method for the recovery of lithium from magnesium‐rich brines are presented.

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Kinetic study on the chlorination of β-spodumene for lithium extraction with Cl2 gas

Cited by 22 publications

References 14 publications

Study of the Extraction Kinetics of Lithium by Leaching β-Spodumene with Hydrofluoric Acid

Study of the Extraction Kinetics of Lithium by Leaching β-Spodumene with Hydrofluoric Acid

Valuable Metals—Recovery Processes, Current Trends, and Recycling Strategies

Lithium Recovery from Challenging Deposits: Zinnwaldite and Magnesium‐Rich Salt Lake Brines

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