Kinetic study of styrene and methyl methacrylate emulsion polymerization induced by cumene hydroperoxide/tetraethylenepentamine

Sirirat, Tanita; Vatanatham, Terdthai; Hansupalak, Nanthiya; Rempel, Garry L.; Arayapranee, Wanvimon

doi:10.1007/s10965-014-0643-9

Cited by 11 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Therefore, the network structure in this region contains long polystyrene crosslinks but with low crosslinking density due to the lower concentration of microgel particles. Basically, the activation energy of the styrene − styrene vinylene reaction (homopolymerization) (70 kJ mol −1 ) is higher than that of the styrene − polyester vinylene reaction (25–35 kJ mol −1 ), showing that the styrene − polyester vinylene reaction is more favorable . Therefore, it is plausible that the curing reaction governed by homopolymerization of styrene shifts to higher temperature and the reaction rate decreases with respect to UP resin without NDs.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphology development and mechanical properties of unsaturated polyester resin containing nanodiamonds

Hashemi

Shojaei

2017

Polymer International

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Unsaturated polyester/styrene (UP) resin was filled with nanodiamonds (NDs) containing carboxyl and methacrylate functionalities using mechanical mixing. Field emission SEM exhibited a uniform dispersion of tightly bound aggregates of nanosized spherical NDs with good interfacial interaction. Rheological measurements exhibited a step increment in the shear viscosity of a UP/ND suspension at 0.6 wt% ND resembling a percolation state at this loading. Shear viscosity data supported by dynamic mechanical analysis results suggested the development of effective ND particles in which ND aggregates were covered by only polyester macromolecules. Accordingly, the morphology of UP/ND composites approached a quasi‐percolation state at 0.6 wt% in which effective ND particles were connected thoroughly, instead of direct ND−ND contact, forming a co‐continuous polyester phase covering the ND particles. Based on such morphology, DSC and Fourier transform infrared analysis suggested the development of heterogeneous microgels in cured UP resin containing NDs which in turn governed the overall mechanical properties of the composites. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphology development and mechanical properties of unsaturated polyester resin containing nanodiamonds

Hashemi

Shojaei

2017

Polymer International

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“…Several studies have proposed a fundamental expression for the rate of emulsion polymerization, as seen in Equation ( 1). [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] =…”

Section: Theoretical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In terms of the partial solubility of MMA in water, the monomer content is split between the aqueous phase and the organic phase. [28,[30][31][32][33] A new method was reported based on the d p_swollen data obtained from the DLS to determine the MMA critical conversion (x c ) and [M] p . [28] First, the x c is determined directly by graphically treating the d p_swollen of the samples withdrawn at various time intervals.…”

Section: Theoretical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetics of MMA Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization Initiated by Reducing Agent in Stirred Batch Emulsion Reactor

Awad

Dhib

Duever

2020

Macro Reaction Engineering

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only a limited number of studies were done in aqueous media, [4] even though, conducting polymerization in dispersed media is more convenient for economic and environmental reasons, and industrial settings. [5][6][7] However, ATRP behavior in emulsion medium may present few concerns including wide particle size distribution, loss of control of the polymerization, and low initiation efficiency. [8] A number of ATRP studies [5,6,9] have applied new initiation techniques called activators generated by electron transfer (AGET) which not only demands a relatively low amount of catalyst complex but can also use ecofriendly reducing agents such as vitamin C or sugar. Besides, the AGET ATRP technique can be performed in emulsion medium by incorporating stable and oxidative copper (CuBr 2 ) complex in the initiation step. It is important to highlight that an in-depth understanding of chemical kinetic features of ATRP in emulsion systems is not quite well documented in open literature. In fact, ATRP is still largely unstudied in dispersed systems. [6] Oh et al. [7] conducted a very interesting review of controlled radical polymerization (CRP) techniques in emulsion and dispersion systems.At theoretical level, several studies have reported different mathematical methods to understand the behavior of ATRP in dispersed medium. [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] Assumptions were made in order to simplify the ATRP reaction mechanism. For instance, these ATRP systems were conducted in miniemulsion or dispersion mediums and have polymer particle diameters from 35 to 70 nm with low conversion. [19,20] It is clear that ATRP is different from free radical polymerization in a few aspects such as thermodynamic and chemical equilibriums of the system. Moreover, deactivating species along with propagating radicals were assumed to transfer radicals between monomer droplets and polymerizing particles. Besides, there is a lack of a sufficient experimental data over a reasonable range of reaction conditions in order to gain a better understanding of ATRP kinetic mechanism in emulsion medium. For instance, Peng et al. [21] carried out an experimental investigation of n-butyl methacrylate (BMA) ATRP in emulsion polymerization. They investigated the effects of several factors including the Ab initio emulsion atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) differs from regular emulsion polymerization because the kinetic and thermodynamic aspects of each process are very unlikely alike. This paper presents a kinetic analysis of activator generated by electron transfer (AGET) ATRP of methyl methacrylate (MMA) in a stirred emulsion reactor. The focus of the study is to assess the variation of the monomer content in the organic phase and the rate polymerization for different reaction temperatures, as well as the impact of surfactant content and stirring speed on latex stability. Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) polymer samples are analyzed by means of gravimetry, dynamic light scattering, gel permeation chromatography, and HNMR techniques to dete...

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“…In this research work, the temperature dependence of the rate constants has been taken into consideration according to the following Arrhenius equations [15][16][17][18][19][20][21].…”

Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetic study of the synthesis of expandable polystyrene via “multi-stage initiator dosing” method

et al. 2015

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Expandable polystyrene (EPS) produces by free radical suspension polymerization method. In conventional method of the production of this polymer, two different initiators with two different levels of temperature are used and both initiators enter the reactor completely at the very first stage of the batch. The long duration of this process and its difficult control have led to create a new technology called 'initiator dosing polymerization' through which the initiator of the first stage enters reactor in several shots and at higher temperatures compared to the conventional method. The result of such an operation is to reduce the process time, reduce the amount of the consumed initiator and increase the absorption of pentane in polymer without any changes in molecular characteristics of the produced EPS. Moreover control of the system in the first stage of the polymerization is much easier. In the present study by the use of kinetic relations, the optimum dosing intervals, dosing temperatures and the amount of the initiator in the Binitiator dosing polymerization^method have been identified so that the required conversion at the end of the first stage of the polymerization was achieved. There was a good adjustment of experimental and theoretical data. By the use of the calculated optimal condition in the Binitiator dosing method^, there was 5 h reduction in the total time of the polymerization process and 25 % reduction in the amount of the initiator without any effect on the quality of the produced EPS.

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Kinetic study of styrene and methyl methacrylate emulsion polymerization induced by cumene hydroperoxide/tetraethylenepentamine

Cited by 11 publications

References 44 publications

Morphology development and mechanical properties of unsaturated polyester resin containing nanodiamonds

Morphology development and mechanical properties of unsaturated polyester resin containing nanodiamonds

Kinetics of MMA Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization Initiated by Reducing Agent in Stirred Batch Emulsion Reactor

Kinetic study of the synthesis of expandable polystyrene via “multi-stage initiator dosing” method

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