Kinetic study of nickel laterite reduction roasting by palm kernel shell charcoal

Sugiarto, Edi; Putera, Andreas Diga Pratama; Petrus, Himawan Tri Bayu Murti

doi:10.1088/1755-1315/65/1/012027

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 3 publications

(3 reference statements)

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“…Further research proposed the utilization of palm kernel shell charcoal as a partial substitute in nickel rotary kilns [59], rice husks as a reducing agent for limonite ore [46], lamtoro charcoal [57,71,104], palm kernel shells [47,[105][106][107], palm kernel shell charcoal [62,108] or coconut shell charcoal [57,63,109] as a reducing agent for laterite ores.…”

Section: Pre-reduction Of Nickel Resources Using Bio-based Carbonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Replacing Fossil Carbon in the Production of Ferroalloys with a Focus on Bio-Based Carbon: A Review

Sommerfeld

Friedrich

2021

Minerals

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The production of ferroalloys and alloys like ferronickel, ferrochromium, ferromanganese, silicomanganese, ferrosilicon and silicon is commonly carried out in submerged arc furnaces. Submerged arc furnaces are also used to upgrade ilmenite by producing pig iron and a titania-rich slag. Metal containing resources are smelted in this furnace type using fossil carbon as a reducing agent, which is responsible for a large amount of direct CO2 emissions in those processes. Instead, renewable bio-based carbon could be a viable direct replacement of fossil carbon currently investigated by research institutions and companies to lower the CO2 footprint of produced alloys. A second option could be the usage of hydrogen. However, hydrogen has the disadvantages that current production facilities relying on solid reducing agents need to be adjusted. Furthermore, hydrogen reduction of ignoble metals like chromium, manganese and silicon is only possible at very low H2O/H2 partial pressure ratios. The present article is a comprehensive review of the research carried out regarding the utilization of bio-based carbon for the processing of the mentioned products. Starting with the potential impact of the ferroalloy industry on greenhouse gas emissions, followed by a general description of bio-based reducing agents and unit operations covered by this review, each following chapter presents current research carried out to produce each metal. Most studies focused on pre-reduction or solid-state reduction except the silicon industry, which instead had a strong focus on smelting up to an industrial-scale and the design of bio-based carbon for submerged arc furnace processes. Those results might be transferable to other submerged arc furnace processes as well and could help to accelerate research to produce other metals. Deviations between the amount of research and scale of tests for the same unit operation but different metal resources were identified and closer cooperation could be helpful to transfer knowledge from one area to another. Life cycle assessment to produce ferronickel and silicon already revealed the potential of bio-based reducing agents in terms of greenhouse gas emissions, but was not carried out for other metals until now.

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Section: Pre-reduction Of Nickel Resources Using Bio-based Carbonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Replacing Fossil Carbon in the Production of Ferroalloys with a Focus on Bio-Based Carbon: A Review

Sommerfeld

Friedrich

2021

Minerals

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“…Penggantian kokas dan bahan reduktor konvensional sedang dikembangkan oleh beberapa peneliti. Salah satunya pemanfaatan arang tempurung kelapa sawit untuk reduksi bijih nikel laterit [4]. Melalui penelitian ini, akan digunakan karbon biomassa yang tersedia dan sangat melimpah untuk mensubstitusi kokas dan bahan reduktor alam (batu bara) sebagai bahan reduktor bijih nikel laterit.…”

Section: Pendahuluanunclassified

Pemanfaatan Karbon Biomassa sebagai Reduktor dalam Ekstraksi Fe-Ni dari Bijih Nikel Laterit

Abidin

Harjanto

Kawigraha

et al. 2019

Prosid Sem Nas Teknoka

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Pada proses pengolahan bijih nikel laterit, kokas dan agen reduktor lain diperlukan sebagai bahan utama sumber karbon untuk mereduksi senyawa oksida dalam laterit. Salah satu alternatif untuk mengganti ketergantungan reduktor konvensional adalah karbon biomassa yang memiliki potensi untuk dijadikan sumber reduktor berkelanjutan. Dalam penelitian ini akan dilakukan proses reduksi langsung terhadap bijih nikel laterit untuk mendapatkan recovery besi dan nikel dengan menggunakan arang batok kelapa sebagai reduktor karbon biomassa. Reduksi dilakukan pada temperatur 1200OC ditahan 90 menit, pemanasan dilanjutkan sampai 1500OC dan ditahan 15 menit. Variasi penambahan arang batok kelapa yang digunakan adalah 25%, 37.5% dan 45% massa. Selain itu ditambahkan 10% CaCO3 untuk menurunkan titik lebur dan mengasilkan recovery Fe-Ni yang lebih tinggi. Uji komposisi kimia dilakukan pada bijih nikel laterit dan hasil reduksi untuk mengetahui recovery besi dan nikel. Analisa mineralogi dan karakterisasi struktur mikro untuk menganalisis pemetaan morfologi permukaan nikel laterit setelah reduksi.

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“…Previous researchers have tried to increase nickel concentration through a reduction process [5]- [8], using either coal [9], [10] or natural reducing agents such as palm kernel shell [11]- [15], rice husk [16], [17], coconut [18], [19], and bagasse [20]. In one of 2 of 12 the mining industries in Sulawesi, there was a problem in the process of handling undersized products from the nickel matte granulation process from the refining process in the Pierce-Smith Converter.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Slope Chute Angle of HAP Magnetic Separator to the Acquisition of Nickel Matte from Undersized Product Resulted by Pierce Smith Converter Machine

Indah Ciptasari,

Arya Parande,

Wahyuadi Soedarsono

et al. 2023

RiESTech

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The prototype of a magnetic separator was initiated and manufactured for handling undersized products of Pierce Smith Converter which has been channeled to a temporary shelter called a matte pond. It was dredged three to four times a year and it’s costly. This expenditure can be minimized by the manufacture of magnetic separators that are used to attract undersized nickel products. The manufacture of this prototype uses a scale of 1:20.000 for the volume of water and nickel matte, while for chute and magnetic drums with a scale of 1:4 from the conditions in the field. This research aims to determine whether magnetic separators are relevant for installation in the nickel processing industry, with the slope angle of the chute and magnetic power as the main parameters. Thus the matte pond can be minimized and undersized products can be directly processed and distributed to consumers. The material used in the manufacture of this prototype is aluminum sheet 1/16 which is rolled for magnetic drums, aluminum sheet 1/8 in for chute, copper wire 0.5 mm and mild steel, lathe for rods and axis, and bending for magnetic holders. The result of this magnetic separator prototype is 24.48% nickel can be attracted.

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Kinetic study of nickel laterite reduction roasting by palm kernel shell charcoal

Cited by 4 publications

References 3 publications

Replacing Fossil Carbon in the Production of Ferroalloys with a Focus on Bio-Based Carbon: A Review

Replacing Fossil Carbon in the Production of Ferroalloys with a Focus on Bio-Based Carbon: A Review

Pemanfaatan Karbon Biomassa sebagai Reduktor dalam Ekstraksi Fe-Ni dari Bijih Nikel Laterit

Effect of Slope Chute Angle of HAP Magnetic Separator to the Acquisition of Nickel Matte from Undersized Product Resulted by Pierce Smith Converter Machine

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