Kinetic studies of few-layer graphene grown by flame deposition from the perspective of gas composition and temperature

Ismail, Edhuan; Fauzi, Fatin Bazilah; Mohamed, Mohd Ambri; Yasin, Mohd Fairus Mohd; Azam, Mohd Asyadi; Yaacob, Iskandar Idris; Din, Muhamad Faiz Md; Ani, Mohd Hanafi

doi:10.1039/c9ra01257e

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…wafer-scale substrate at a temperature as low as 400 °C, which is rarely achieved with conventional tube furnace systems, that is, horizontal hot-wall reaction chambers. 30 Raman spectra analysis, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and selective area electron diffraction confirm that bilayer graphene was successfully grown on a polycrystalline Ni film. Both the results of electrical transport, including Hall effect measurements and back-gated field-effect transistor studies, demonstrate that our bilayer graphene exhibits excellent sheet resistance and mobility, suggesting its suitability for potential integration in the future nanoelectronic devices.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 68%

“…Using the optimized growth conditions in a vertical cold-wall reaction chamber, we also demonstrate the growth capability of large-area bilayer graphene on an 8 in. wafer-scale substrate at a temperature as low as 400 °C, which is rarely achieved with conventional tube furnace systems, that is, horizontal hot-wall reaction chambers . Raman spectra analysis, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and selective area electron diffraction confirm that bilayer graphene was successfully grown on a polycrystalline Ni film.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

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Practical Route for the Low-Temperature Growth of Large-Area Bilayer Graphene on Polycrystalline Nickel by Cold-Wall Chemical Vapor Deposition

et al. 2021

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We report a practical chemical vapor deposition (CVD) route to produce bilayer graphene on a polycrystalline Ni film from liquid benzene (C 6 H 6 ) source at a temperature as low as 400 °C in a vertical cold-wall reaction chamber. The low activation energy of C 6 H 6 and the low solubility of carbon in Ni at such a low temperature play a key role in enabling the growth of large-area bilayer graphene in a controlled manner by a Ni surface-mediated reaction. All experiments performed using this method are reproducible with growth capabilities up to an 8 in. wafer-scale substrate. Raman spectra analysis, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and selective area electron diffraction studies confirm the growth of Bernal-stacked bilayer graphene with good uniformity over large areas. Electrical characterization studies indicate that the bilayer graphene behaves much like a semiconductor with predominant p-type doping. These findings provide important insights into the wafer-scale fabrication of low-temperature CVD bilayer graphene for next-generation nanoelectronics.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 68%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Practical Route for the Low-Temperature Growth of Large-Area Bilayer Graphene on Polycrystalline Nickel by Cold-Wall Chemical Vapor Deposition

et al. 2021

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“…Since flames can simultaneously provide heat and a carbon supply necessary for the growth of carbon nanotubes, the flame synthesis approach presents an energy-efficient alternative to the traditional chemical vapour deposition method (CVD) [3,4]. However, flame synthesis lacks control over CNT morphology, like the CNT diameter, due to complex physics and dependency between combustion parameters [5,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling the Effects of Equivalence Ratio on Carbon Nanotubes Diameter in Premixed Flame Based on Semi-Empirical Approach

Olanrewaju,

Zainal,

Yasin

et al. 2024

Preprint

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In the combustion-based synthesis method, morphological control of carbon nanotubes (CNT) to meet specific demands for technological applications remains a challenge. The present study investigates the effect of equivalence ratio on CNT diameter in a premixed flat flame using a computational method validated by experimental investigations. Six cases were examined in the study by varying the equivalence ratio (∅), a combustion parameter that regulates the overall flame temperature, from 1 to 2 at intervals of 0.2. For each of the six cases, a comprehensive validation of the premixed flat flame temperature as predicted by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is attained within a 10% deviation. A semi-empirical correlation between CNT diameter and flame temperature was established by deploying the computed flame temperature as the dependent variable in the empirical correlation of existing experimental work that the present study was based on. The findings indicate that the average flame temperature and CNT diameter increased by 5% and 20%, respectively, when the equivalence ratio ∅ was reduced from 2 to 1. Furthermore, only within 6 mm downstream of the flame site does the effect ∅ on CNT diameter become noticeable. According to actual microscopy findings, CNTs with greater diameters within 36–46 nm and smaller diameters within 29–41 nm are expected at high-temperature regions (T > 1300 K) and low-temperature regions (T < 1300 K) within the flame, respectively.

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Carbon precursor analysis for catalytic growth of carbon nanotube in flame synthesis based on semi-empirical approach

et al. 2020

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Although flame synthesis promises economic benefit and rapid synthesis of carbon nanotube (CNT), the lack of control and understanding of the effects of flame parameters (e.g., temperature and precursor composition) impose some challenges in modelling and identifying CNT growth region for obtaining better throughput. The present study presents an investigation on the types of carbon precursor that affect CNT growth region on nickel catalyst particles in an ethylene inverse diffusion flame. An established CNT growth rate model that describes physical growth of CNT is utilised to predict CNT length and growth region using empirical inputs of flame temperature and species composition from the literature. Two variations of the model are employed to determine the dominant precursor for CNT growth which are the constant adsorption activation energy (CAAE) model and the varying adsorption activation energy (VAAE) model. The carbon precursors investigated include ethylene, acetylene, and carbon monoxide as base precursors and all possible combinations of the base precursors. In the CAAE model, the activation energy for adsorption of carbon precursor species on catalyst surface E-a,E-1 is held constant whereas in the VAAE model, E-a,E-1 is varied based on the investigated precursor. The sensitivity of the growth rate model is demonstrated by comparing the shi ing of predicted growth regions between the CAAE model and the VAAE model where the CAAE model serves as a control case. Midpoint-based and threshold-based techniques are employed within each model to quantify the predicted CNT growth region. Growth region prediction based on the midpoint-VAAE approach demonstrates the importance of acetylene and carbon monoxide to some extent towards CNT growth. Ultimately, the threshold-VAAE model shows that the dominant precursor for CNT growth is the mixture of acetylene and carbon monoxide. A simplified reaction mechanism is proposed to describe the surface chemistry for precursor reactions with nickel catalyst where decomposition of the ethylene fuel source into acetylene and carbon monoxide is accounted for by chemisorption.

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Kinetic studies of few-layer graphene grown by flame deposition from the perspective of gas composition and temperature

Abstract: Growth kinetics of few-layer graphene grown by flame deposition correlates to BIN20J species in a methane to soot mechanism model.

Cited by 7 publications

References 44 publications

Practical Route for the Low-Temperature Growth of Large-Area Bilayer Graphene on Polycrystalline Nickel by Cold-Wall Chemical Vapor Deposition

Practical Route for the Low-Temperature Growth of Large-Area Bilayer Graphene on Polycrystalline Nickel by Cold-Wall Chemical Vapor Deposition

Modeling the Effects of Equivalence Ratio on Carbon Nanotubes Diameter in Premixed Flame Based on Semi-Empirical Approach

Carbon precursor analysis for catalytic growth of carbon nanotube in flame synthesis based on semi-empirical approach

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