Kinetic disposition and biodistribution of amoxycillin in Bubalus bubalis

Abstract

Amoxycillin, a penicillinase-susceptible semisynthetic penicillin, is bactericidal for both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. This antibiotic has also found use in veterinary medicine (BYWATER, 1982; HUBER, 1982). The pharmacokinetics and dosage of amoxycillin have been investigated in different species of domestic animals other than buffaloes (PALMER PUGH, 1977; YEOMAN, 1977;RUTGERS et al., 1980;CARLI et aL, 1981;STANTON et al., 1982). Earlier studies have demonstrated that the dosage regimen of broad spectrum antibiotics recommended for cattle may not be effectively employed in buffalo species (VARMA et al., 1980; VARMA and PAUL, 1983). It was, therefore, considered expedient to investigate the pharmacokinetics and distribution of amoxycillin in buffalo calves. Based on the kinetic data, a dosage regimen of amoxycillin was determined for its rational use in buffalo species. Material and Methods Animals and treatmentEighteen healthy male buffalo calves weighing 76-99 kg were acclimatized for 2 weeks in the departmental animal shed and were subjected to regular clinical examination. The animals were maintained on green fodder and wheat straw. Water was available ad libitum.Amoxycillin was injected as sodium amoxycillin (Beecham Labs., Bristol, Tenn) into the jugular vein in a single dose of 10 mg/kg body weight. Collection of samples and amoxycillin assayBlood samples from each of 8 calves were collected by jugular venipuncture prior to and at 2. 5, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 360 and 480 min after injection of the antibiotic. Blood was allowed to clot at room temperature and serum was obtained after centrifugation.In distribution studies, six animals divided into 3 groups were sacrificed at 15, 180 and 360 min after medication and their different body tissues and fluids were collected for amoxycillin assay. For the collection of interstitial fluid, tissue cages were implanted subcutaneously in a group of 4 animals in the region of neck and right flank. One month later, animals were given the antibiotic and samples of interstitial fluid were withdrawn at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 h after dosing.The levels of amoxycillin in serum, body tissues and fluids were determined by the standard cylinder cup plate bioassay method using Sarcina lutea (ATCC 9341) as the test organism ( ARRET et al., 1971). The activity was expressed as pg amoxycillin/ml of fluid or g of tissue.U.S.

Bioequivalence study of two oral amoxicillin formulations (Biocillin® and Atcomox 87%®) in broiler chickens

“…After the IV dose of 20 mg/kg, the (t0.5β) observed for amoxicillin in chickens was substantially greater than that reported for pigeons, dogs, sheep and goats, cows, buffalo calves, horses and humans where the range of reported values for (t0.5β) is 45 min for pigeon and sheep to 2 h for buffalo calves. [18][19][20] This could be due to differences in protein binding, biotransformation and excretion of the antibiotic. Earlier studies on the excretion of amoxicillin have demonstrated that this drug is eliminated mainly via urine and bile in other species of domestic animals.…”

“…The oral bioavailability determined here (64.15 and 65.54% for Biocillin ® and Atcomox 87% ® , respectively), was lower than that observed in humans (75 to 93%;, higher than that determined for ruminating calves (35%; and similar to that calculated for pigeons (20 to 67%, amoxicillin formulation-dependent. [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]27,28 In birds, the anatomy and digestive physiology are different from ruminant and other mammalian species, and thus the systemic availability of a drug and values of the disposition parameters may vary widely among the species. In the present study, although oral bioavailability of amoxicillin was not complete, plasma amoxicillin concentrations of potential therapeutic value were obtained Bioequivalence study is a test to assure the clinical efficacy of a generic versus brand drugs.…”

Pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin trihydrate in male Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) following intramuscular administration

“…The dosages in this study were selected based on that reported by Schmidt (1978). Previously, AMX pharmacokinetic studies have been described in several animal species, consisting of cattle (Rutgers et al, 1980;Khanikor et al, 1986), sheep (Craigmill et al, 1992;Carceles et al, 1995;Elsheikh et al, 1999;Fernandez et al, 2007), goats (Craigmill et al, 1992;Carceles et al, 1995;Escudero et al, 1996;Elsheikh et al, 1999), swine (Agerso & Friis, 1998;Agerso et al, 2000;Martinez-Larranaga et al, 2004;Reyns et al, 2007), and horses (Errecalde et al, 2001). Only one report concerning AMX in horses is present in the literature (Schmidt, 1978).…”

Study of the Electroreactivity of Amoxicillin on Carbon Nanotube‐Supported Metal Electrodes

“…The kinetic disposition and biodistribution of AMX molecule were studied in mammals and birds. It was found that for buffalo calves amoxicillin was distributed rapidly in various body tissues (kidney, liver, spleen, heart) and fluids (bile, urine) with concentrations higher than 5 μg/g or mL at 0.25 and 3 h after dosing. Appreciable levels of AMX were also assayed in the interstitial fluid from 1 to 4 h after drug administration, with a peak concentration of 6.7+0.3 μg/mL at 2 h. The AMX life‐time depends on body mass, and for mammals and birds was found that AMX half‐life increases with body mass raised .…”