Kinetic chain of overarm throwing in terms of joint rotations revealed by induced acceleration analysis

Hirashima, Masaya; Yamane, Katsu; Nakamura, Yoshihiko; Ohtsuki, Tatsuyuki

doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2008.06.014

Cited by 141 publications

(96 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Mathematical decomposition of throwing kinematics using equations of motion has shown that high angular velocities observed at the elbow and wrist joints at release are largely due to these interaction torques (Feltner, 1989;Hirashima et al, 2007;Hirashima et al, 2003;Hong et al, 2001;Putnam, 1993). Induced acceleration analyses of these interaction torques further show that elbow extension during throwing is driven primarily by velocity-dependent forces generated by torso rotation and shoulder internal rotation (Hirashima et al, 2008). The same study also found that wrist flexion during throwing is mostly driven by velocity-dependent forces generated by elbow extension.…”

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confidence: 85%

“…In addition, although EMG recordings of shoulder internal rotator muscles indicate high activity during internal rotation (DiGiovine et al, 1992;Gowan et al, 1987), experimental data on shoulder power show that these muscles only generate approximately 50% of the power for this rapid motion (Roach et al, 2013). A further problem with using EMG to evaluate the roles of muscles in generating torques in the upper body is the lack of any simple relationship between EMG intensity and muscle force production (Bell, 1993;Gans, 1992).Previous research has suggested that additional sources of torque to power large angular velocities during throwing come from movements generated in adjacent, connected body segments, which can be transferred from joint to joint via a 'kinetic chain' (Atwater, 1979;Fleisig et al, 1996;Hirashima et al, 2008;Hore et al, 2005;Ben Kibler and Sciascia, 2004). These interaction torques can result directly from muscular actions at other joints or from velocitydependent, centrifugal or Coriolis forces (Hirashima et al, 2008).…”

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Upper body contributions to power generation during rapid, overhand throwing in humans

Roach

Lieberman

2014

Journal of Experimental Biology

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High-speed and accurate throwing is a distinctive human behavior. Achieving fast projectile speeds during throwing requires a combination of elastic energy storage at the shoulder, as well as the transfer of kinetic energy from proximal body segments to distal segments. However, the biomechanical bases of these mechanisms are not completely understood. We used inverse dynamics analyses of kinematic data from 20 baseball players fitted with four different braces that inhibit specific motions to test a model of power generation at key joints during the throwing motion. We found that most of the work produced during throwing is generated at the hips, and much of this work (combined with smaller contributions from the pectoralis major) is used to load elastic elements in the shoulder and power the rapid acceleration of the projectile. Despite rapid angular velocities at the elbow and wrist, the restrictions confirm that much of the power generated to produce these distal movements comes from larger proximal segments, such as the shoulder and torso. Wrist hyperextension enhances performance only modestly. Together, our data also suggest that heavy reliance on elastic energy storage may help explain some common throwing injuries and can provide further insight into the evolution of the upper body and when our ancestors first developed the ability to produce high-speed throws.KEY WORDS: Throwing, Biomechanics, Elastic energy storage, Kinetic chain, Human evolution INTRODUCTIONThe human forelimb is derived relative to other hominoids and to earlier hominins (Larson, 1993;Larson, 2007). One reason the human shoulder may be so different is selection for humans' unique ability to throw objects overhand with both accuracy and high velocity. Today, most high-speed throwing occurs during sports, but in the past throwing was probably crucial for hunting, defense against predators, and aggressive interactions. Regardless of their purpose, high-speed overhand throws are produced using a stereotypic, whip-like motion involving the whole body.The throw begins with movement of the legs and progresses quickly up the trunk and arm, ending with rapid movement of the throwing hand as the projectile is released. There has been considerable inquiry into how this complex motion generates high projectile velocities, and which joints and joint-specific angular motions are primarily responsible Fleisig et al., 1995;Hirashima et al., 2007;Hirashima et al., 2008;Hong et al., , 1985;Putnam, 1993). Previous work has shown that large angular velocities of torso rotation, shoulder internal rotation, elbow extension and wrist flexion all occur at the moment of release and significantly contribute to projectile speed ( Fig. 1) (Fleisig et al., 1995;Fleisig et al., 1996;Hirashima et al., 2007;Pappas et al., 1985). This study focuses on how these large angular velocities are produced in the upper body. RESEARCH ARTICLEAngular movements are produced when torques act across joints, generating mechanical work and power. Muscles are the source of...

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Upper body contributions to power generation during rapid, overhand throwing in humans

Roach

Lieberman

2014

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…Detailed analysis will be performed by considering muscle torque, velocity-dependent torque, and gravity torque [3] in the future work.…”

Section: Mechatronics and Information Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a Wireless Inertial Measurement System for Pitching Motion Analysis

Kitamura

Sagawa

Tsukamoto

et al. 2011

AEF

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Abstract. This paper presents a wireless inertial measurement system to analyze three-dimensional (3D) pitching movement of baseball. Developed wireless inertial measurement unit (WIMU) sizes 43.7×45.2×25.7 [mm], weighs 48 [g] including Lithium-Ion battery, and consists of two types of 3D accelerometers, two types of 3D gyroscopes, release sensor, a microcontroller (MCU), flash memory, and an RF module. Synchronization of start and completion of measurement procedure for plural WIMUs are wirelessly controlled by a host computer. Three-dimensional pitching form of upper limb and trunk is produced by the numerical integration of the acceleration and angular velocity. The experimental results show that 3D posture, trajectory and joint torque in overhand and sidearm throwing are successfully estimated using the proposed system.

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“…The coordination of the arm movement has been investigated in several different overhead casting and racquet sports, including baseball (4-6), American football (7), javelin (8,9), team handball, volleyball and tennis (10,11). Common to these sports is that the trunk and arm movement is performed principally in proximal to distal segmental sequencing, i.e., the initiation of movement or maximum rotational speed occurring first at the trunk, thereafter the shoulder, the elbow and finally the wrist (6,(8)(9)(10). Some variations to this proximal to distal sequencing have been reported, especially regarding the speed of the internal rotation of the shoulder, which in some situations peaks after elbow extension (4,6,8,10,12).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Common to these sports is that the trunk and arm movement is performed principally in proximal to distal segmental sequencing, i.e., the initiation of movement or maximum rotational speed occurring first at the trunk, thereafter the shoulder, the elbow and finally the wrist (6,(8)(9)(10). Some variations to this proximal to distal sequencing have been reported, especially regarding the speed of the internal rotation of the shoulder, which in some situations peaks after elbow extension (4,6,8,10,12). One previous study has investigated the coordination of arm movement during fly casting (13).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Initial Study on the Coordination of Rod and Line Hauling Movements in Distance Fly Casting

Röijezon

Løvoll

Henriksson

et al. 2017

Ann. Appl. Sport Sci

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Background. The double haul is a unique feature of single-handed fly casting and is used in both fly fishing and fly casting competition. The movement behaviour during the double haul has not been investigated in previous research. Objectives. Describe the coordination of the rod and line hauling movements during distance fly casting. Methods. Elite fly casters performed distance casting with four different fly rod and fly line set-ups used in fly fishing and fly casting competition. Rod and hauling movements were measured with a 3D motion analysis system. Results. The rod and line hauling movements were coordinated in an order whereby peak translational speed of the rod occurs prior to the peak speed of the angular rotation of the rod, and the peak speed of the angular rotation of the rod occurs prior to the peak speed of the line haul. This was consistent for all cast sequences, i.e., the back and forward false casts and the delivery cast, and for all four equipment set-ups, i.e., a shooting-head line cast with a relatively stiff fly rod and a long-belly line cast with three different fly rods with different stiffness and action curves. Results also showed differences in movement coordination between cast sequences and rod and line set-ups. Conclusion. Among elite casters, single-handed fly casting with double haul is coordinated in an order of events whereby the peak speed occurs first for the translation of the rod, then for the rotation of the rod and finally for the line haul.

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Kinetic chain of overarm throwing in terms of joint rotations revealed by induced acceleration analysis

Cited by 141 publications

References 33 publications

Upper body contributions to power generation during rapid, overhand throwing in humans

Upper body contributions to power generation during rapid, overhand throwing in humans

Development of a Wireless Inertial Measurement System for Pitching Motion Analysis

An Initial Study on the Coordination of Rod and Line Hauling Movements in Distance Fly Casting

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