Kinematics of Ice Skating at Different Velocities

Marino, G. Wayne

doi:10.1080/10671315.1977.10762155

Cited by 17 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…Predicted friction is higher at colder temperatures, and the transitions to stable conditions take longer. Given that skating strides can be <0.5 s in total duration (Marino, 1977), it may be important to consider heat flux into the blade for accurate simulations. Within the framework of the Lozowski and Szilder (2013) model, neglecting blade heat flux is reasonable for long-duration gliding.…”

Section: Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Revisiting mechanics of ice–skate friction: from experiments at a skating rink to a unified hypothesis

et al. 2021

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The mechanics underlying ice–skate friction remain uncertain despite over a century of study. In the 1930s, the theory of self-lubrication from frictional heat supplanted an earlier hypothesis that pressure melting governed skate friction. More recently, researchers have suggested that a layer of abraded wear particles or the presence of quasi-liquid molecular layers on the surface of ice could account for its slipperiness. Here, we assess the dominant hypotheses proposed to govern ice–skate friction and describe experiments conducted in an indoor skating rink aimed to provide observations to test these hypotheses. Our results indicate that the brittle failure of ice under rapid compression plays a strong role. Our observations did not confirm the presence of full-contact water films and are more consistent with the presence of lubricating ice-rich slurries at discontinuous high-pressure zones (HPZs). The presence of ice-rich slurries supporting skates through HPZs merges pressure-melting, abrasion and lubricating films as a unified hypothesis for why skates are so slippery across broad ranges of speeds, temperatures and normal loads. We suggest tribometer experiments to overcome the difficulties of investigating these processes during actual skating trials.

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Section: Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Revisiting mechanics of ice–skate friction: from experiments at a skating rink to a unified hypothesis

et al. 2021

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“…Research investigating the mechanics of ice skating has focused primarily on the kinematic variables most influential to performance [11,12,14]; however, the ice environment presents unique technical challenges to direct kinetic measures. Consequently, the exact mechanics of force interaction between the skate and ice surface is not well known.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Force transducer system for measurement of ice hockey skating force

et al. 2009

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The purpose of this study was to develop a portable force measurement system for ice hockey skating. The system consisted of three strain gauge pairs affixed to an ice hockey skate's blade holder with wire leads connected to a microprocessor controlled data acquisition device carried in a backpack worn by the skater. The configuration of the strain gauges simultaneously determined the vertical and medial-lateral force components experienced by the blade holder with a resolution accuracy of 1.9 N and a coefficient of variation of 9.2%. On-ice testing of this system with subjects performing forward start, acceleration, and constant velocity skating permitted unencumbered, natural movement and demonstrated clear, unambiguous signal responses, high trial-to-trial repeatability, and easy data retrieval. The practicality and accuracy of this testing approach have many applications, such as a quantitative tool for skating force assessment to aid athletes and coaches, as well as providing the means to examine other skill-specific dynamics.

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“…We examined this effect by formulating a 1D transient-conduction simulation, with T s imposed at the blade bottom during ice contact and no heat transfer when the blade is off the ice. We approximated these durations using kinematic measurements by Marino (1977): Δt contact = 0.5 s and Δt lift = 0.3 s. At the start of the simulation, the blade temperature was set to the ambient (ice) temperature, T i .…”

Section: Model Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ice-rich slurries can account for the remarkably low friction of ice skates

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2022

J. Glaciol.

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Ice skates are remarkably slippery across a wide range of conditions. We propose, based on earlier observations and new modeling, that an ice-rich slurry forms rapidly beneath a skate blade during each stride to lubricate the interface. Crushing from normal load and abrasion from sliding provide ice particles and heat to the slurry, with average contact pressures approaching melting pressures for the bulk ice. Shearing of the slurry by forward motion generates additional heat to melt the ice particles at the pressure-reduced temperature. We model these mechanics and link the viscosity of the resulting slurry to its ice fraction, which controls slurry-film thickness via lateral squeeze-flow. The slurry properties quickly converge to establish a highly efficient lubricating film that provides the characteristically low skate friction across a wide range of conditions. Although our 1D model greatly simplifies the complex interaction mechanics, its predictions are insensitive to most assumptions other than the average contact pressure. The presence of ice-rich slurries supporting skates merges pressure-melting, crushing, abrasion and lubricating films as a unified hypothesis for why skates are so slippery across broad ranges of speeds, temperatures and normal loads.

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Kinematics of Ice Skating at Different Velocities

Cited by 17 publications

References 1 publication

Revisiting mechanics of ice–skate friction: from experiments at a skating rink to a unified hypothesis

Revisiting mechanics of ice–skate friction: from experiments at a skating rink to a unified hypothesis

Force transducer system for measurement of ice hockey skating force

Ice-rich slurries can account for the remarkably low friction of ice skates

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