“…Since then, macroscale and mesoscale (10 –3 m to 10 –1 m) robotic swarms with homogeneous agents, such as Slimebots, Alices, e-pucks, Kilobots, Bubblebots, Bristle-bots, , Particle-bots, mindless rodlike robots, Rainbow-bots, and Morphobots, and heterogeneous robotic swarms, such as Swarmanoid, have been developed, inspired by natural swarm behaviors like insect pattern formations and phototaxis. To date, for large-scale robots, swarm coordination has been designed for cooperative tasks, such as directional motion, ,, obstacle traversal, ,, cargo allocation, ,,, environment exploration, − and viral testing …”