Kinematic Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Evaluation of Disc‐Associated Cervical Spondylomyelopathy in Doberman Pinschers

Provencher, Michele; Habing, Amy; Moore, Sarah A.; Cook, Lloyd Allen; Phillips, Gary; Costa, Ronaldo C. da

doi:10.1111/jvim.13981

Cited by 18 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…This disorder results in secondary soft tissue changes, including protrusion of the intervertebral disc causing compression of the spinal cord. Caudal cervical discs, particularly C5‐6 and C6‐7, are the most commonly affected . Underlying vertebral canal stenosis lowers the threshold for the development of cervical hyperaesthesia and/or neurologic dysfunction secondary to spinal cord compression; however, intervertebral disc protrusion can be evident on advanced imaging without associated clinical signs …”

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confidence: 99%

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Surgical management and long‐term outcome of dogs with cervical spondylomyelopathy with an anchored intervertebral titanium device

Jc¹,

Corfield²,

Jg³

et al. 2020

Aust Veterinary J

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Objective To assess the short-and long-term outcome of an anchored intervertebral titanium device (C-LOX) for the treatment of 10 dogs with disc-associated cervical spondylomyelopathy (DACSM) and 1 dog with osseous-associated cervical spondylomyelopathy.Design Retrospective case series.Methods Dogs were included if they were diagnosed with either DACSM or osseous-associated cervical spondylomyelopathy via myelography with or without advanced imaging and underwent surgical distraction and stabilisation of the affected intervertebral disc with a C-LOX implant. Assessment included shortterm neurological outcome, radiography immediately and 6 weeks' postsurgery, owner questionnaire and veterinary clinical assessment.Results The mean follow-up time was 12 months. Improvement in neurological status was noted in 10 of 11 dogs. Screw loosening or subsidence occurred in five dogs. Revision surgery was performed in two dogs due to implant fracture (n = 1) and recurrence of spinal cord compression due to endplate subsidence around the implant (n = 1). Adjacent segment disease occurred in three dogs (30%) with DACSM at a mean of 11 months postsurgery. ConclusionThe use of the C-LOX implant for dogs with cervical spondylomyelopathy resulted in a high rate of initial neurological improvement; however, there is a moderate incidence of minor and major complications that is comparable to previously described distraction-stabilisation techniques.

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confidence: 99%

“…Static and dynamic forces contribute to the pathophysiology of both DACSM and OACSM . Dynamic lesions have been diagnosed traditionally by traction myelography and more recently with kinematic advanced imaging …”

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confidence: 99%

Surgical management and long‐term outcome of dogs with cervical spondylomyelopathy with an anchored intervertebral titanium device

Jc¹,

Corfield²,

Jg³

et al. 2020

Aust Veterinary J

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“…Although in DA-CSM, concussive force and length of the compression do not commonly play a role, other equally complex forces may help explain the discrepancies found when dealing with DA-CSM [15]. The presence of dynamic lesions, for instance, may lead to divergences between spinal cord compression in neutral position and maximum spinal cord compression, since dynamic MRI has shown that extension and exion of the cervical vertebral column can affect the degree of spinal cord compression [20]. Total number of dogs investigated, variations in the neurologic grading system used, and different observer and measuring methods in each study may also help explain differences between studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Neurological Findings in Dogs with Disc-Associated Cervical Spondylomyelopathy (63 cases)

Bonelli

Costa

2020

Preprint

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Background: Canine cervical spondylomyelopathy can be separated into osseous and disc-associated (DA-CSM) forms. Our aim was to describe the magnetic resonance imaging (using a high-field scanner) and neurological findings in dogs with DA-CSM and investigate a relationship between these findings.Results: Sixty-three dogs were included: 60/63 (95%) were large breeds, with Doberman Pinschers and males over-represented (70%). Mean and median age at the time of diagnosis was 7.25 and 7.2 years (range 0.41 – 12 years). Chronic signs were noted in 52/63 (83%) dogs, with proprioceptive ataxia the most common. Main site of spinal cord compression was commonly C6-C7 or C5-C6. Thirty-six (57%) dogs had various sites of spinal cord compression. Most dogs younger than 6 years of age had a single affected. Foraminal stenosis was present in 51/63 dogs (81%). T2-weighted hyperintensity was present in 40/63 dogs (63%). Eighty-eight percent of the articular processes showed degenerative changes, which correlated strongly with intervertebral disc degeneration. Ligamentum flavum hypertrophy was seen in 38% of dogs. No correlation was observed between neurologic signs and number of affected sites. A moderate positive correlation was observed between severity of spinal cord compression and neurologic grade (r 0.48; p<0.001).Conclusions: DA-CSM was predominantly observed in older, male Dobermans, with chronic neurologic signs, with compressive lesions located in the caudal cervical vertebral region. Although less common, DA-CSM was also seen in dogs 3 years of age or younger (8%). Single compressive lesions were more common in dogs younger than 6 years of age. Most dogs had concomitant changes (e.g.: ligamentum flavum hypertrophy and foraminal stenosis) that may affect neurologic signs. Most dogs with ligamentum flavum hypertrophy were 6 years or older. A correlation was observed between severity of spinal cord compression and neurologic grade; dogs with more severe spinal cord compression were more likely to have a higher neurologic grade. Dogs with more sites of spinal cord compression did not have more severe neurologic involvement. A very high percentage of dogs had articular process degenerative changes. Possible biomechanical or genetic relationships between degenerative changes in articular processes, ligamentum flavum, and intervertebral discs warrants further investigation.

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“…From a clinical point of view, flexion and extension of the cervical vertebral column are two dynamic factors that might contribute to progression of disease of canine cervical spondylomyelopathy. 28 Extension creates a decrease in the diameter of the vertebral canal 29 and intervertebral foramina, which has been shown to worsen both spinal cord and nerve root compression. 28 In the light of these findings, it might be suggested that the increase in extension motion created by facetectomy leads to an increased instability if the method is used to treat dynamic lesions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Facetectomy on the Three-Dimensional Biomechanical Properties of the Fourth Canine Cervical Functional Spinal Unit: A Cadaveric Study

Bösch

Hofstetter²,

Bürki

et al. 2017

Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol

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To study the biomechanical effect of facetectomy in 10 large breed dogs (>24 kg body weight) on the fourth canine cervical functional spinal unit. Canine cervical spines were freed from all muscles. Spines were mounted on a six-degrees-of-freedom spine testing machine for three-dimensional motion analysis. Data were recorded with an optoelectronic motion analysis system. The range of motion was determined in all three primary motions as well as range of motion of coupled motions on the intact specimen, after unilateral and after bilateral facetectomy. Repeated-measures analysis of variance models were used to assess the changes of the biomechanical properties in the three treatment groups considered. Facetectomy increased range of motion of primary motions in all directions. Axial rotation was significantly influenced by facetectomy. Coupled motion was not influenced by facetectomy except for lateral bending with coupled motion axial rotation. The coupling factor (coupled motion/primary motion) decreased after facetectomy. Symmetry of motion was influenced by facetectomy in flexion-extension and axial rotation, but not in lateral bending. Facet joints play a significant role in the stability of the cervical spine and act to maintain spatial integrity. Therefore, cervical spinal treatments requiring a facetectomy should be carefully planned and if an excessive increase in range of motion is expected, complications should be anticipated and reduced via spinal stabilization.

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Kinematic Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Evaluation of Disc‐Associated Cervical Spondylomyelopathy in Doberman Pinschers

Cited by 18 publications

References 29 publications

Surgical management and long‐term outcome of dogs with cervical spondylomyelopathy with an anchored intervertebral titanium device

Surgical management and long‐term outcome of dogs with cervical spondylomyelopathy with an anchored intervertebral titanium device

Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Neurological Findings in Dogs with Disc-Associated Cervical Spondylomyelopathy (63 cases)

Effect of Facetectomy on the Three-Dimensional Biomechanical Properties of the Fourth Canine Cervical Functional Spinal Unit: A Cadaveric Study

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