Kinematic Gait Analysis of the Trot in Healthy Mixed Breed Dogs

Abstract

SummaryComputer aided kinematic and synchronized force plate gait analysis were used to characterize joint movement in 14 large mixed breed dogs at a trot. A curvilinear relationship of joint angle to time was described, for three forelimb and three hindlimb joints. Two peaks of maximum extension, one preceding the onset and at the end of stance phase were observed for the femorotibial, tarsus and cubital joints. The carpus, scapulohumeral and coxofemoral joint exhibited one peak of maximum extension. The variance in joint angle measurement was calculated for repeated trials for a given dog and for differences between dogs using a 2-factor repeated measures ANOVA. The mean variance for all joints except the carpal joint for trial repetition was 12.6 (degrees)2 (range, 2.6-23.9) and for differences between dogs 6.2 (degrees)2 (range, 1.0-11.3). The carpal joint exhibited greater variation with a mean variance, attributable to trial repetition, of 42.5 (degrees)2 (range, 39.4-44.3) and a variance between dogs of 52.4 (degrees)2 (range, 18.5-89.4).The results obtained would suggest that computer assisted kinematics is an accurate means of assessing joint angle movement in large mixed breed dogs with a low level of variance attributable to trial repetition and to differences between dogs, with the exception of the carpal joint. The sample of mixed breed dogs in this study is similar to dogs that would be seen in a clinical sample population. Our results suggest that computer assisted kinematics could be an important tool in providing objective information on gait, in clinical and research studies, using mixed breed dogs.This study describes the trot in 14 large mixed breed dogs using computer aided kinematic and force plate gait analysis techniques. Variances in fore and hindlimb joint angle measurements were deter-mined, for a given dog, by repeated trials and for differences between dogs. The measured variances were low in all joints except the corpus, despite diverse dog conformation in the study.

The movements of limb segments and joints during locomotion in African and Asian elephants

“…(for horse and elephant data) where available. Non-elephant maximal range of motion (ROM) and running ROM data are from domestic cats (Goslow et al, 1973;Miller and van der Meche, 1975;Newton and Nunamaker, 1985), domestic dogs (DeCamp et al, 1993;Newton and Nunamaker, 1985), fit male humans (Boone and Azen, 1979;Novacheck, 1998) and Dutch Warmblood horses (present study; Back et al, 1995a;Back et al, 1995b). As data for maximal ROM in cats, dogs and humans were not from defleshed cadavers, these numbers are probably slightly underestimated, leading to slight overestimates of % maximal ROM used for these species.…”

Effect of proximal translation of the osteotomized tibial tuberosity during tibial tuberosity advancement on patellar position and patellar ligament angle

“…4). Stifle joint angle was measured with a goniometer, using the following landmarks; greater trochanter of the femur, midpoint between the fibular head and the centre of the lateral femoral condyle, and the lateral malleolus [35, 36]. The pins and clamps were adjusted until the limb was positioned parallel to the Plexiglass base with the stifle joint at an angle of 135°.…”

Curvature Radius Measurements From the Humeral Trochlea in Large Dogs

“…The HT surface to be analyzed was selected at the central groove in contact with the ulnar trochlear notch, with an elbow angle of 132 degrees, based on humeroulnar contact during midstance phase of the gait cycle (DeCamp et al, 1993;Proks et al, 2011;Lorenz et al, 2015). For this purpose, we used as reference the MLE view ( 132 degrees) measuring the humeral contact distance for each elbow ( Fig.…”