Kinematic Gait Analysis of the Hind Limb after Tibial Plateau Levelling Osteotomy and Cranial Tibial Wedge Osteotomy in Ten Dogs

Abstract

This study identifies and compares the kinematic gait changes occurring in tibial plateau levelling osteotomy (TPLO) and cranial tibial wedge osteotomy (CTWO) limbs after transection of the cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL). Ten, healthy, adult beagle dogs were assigned to TPLO (five dogs) and CTWO (five dogs) groups. Hind limb kinematics were assessed, while dogs were trotted at speeds ranging from 2.0 to 2.3 m/s. The animals were evaluated preoperatively (prior to TPLO and CTWO surgery) and at both 8 and 12 weeks after surgery. Two-dimensional evaluation was synchronized to obtain the three-dimensional coordinates using the APAS motion analysis software. Gait patterns were assessed by measuring stifle, tibiotarsal joint angles and stifle joints angular velocity. Stifle and tibiotarsal joint functions were not affected by TPLO surgery, but stifle and tibiotarsal joint angles were changed, following CTWO surgery, compared with their preoperative values. The angular velocity patterns of CTWO were characterized by increased stifle joint extension velocity from the middle to end swing phase and decrease in the peak velocities (flexion) during swing phase. None of these changes was observed in the stance phase after the CTWO surgery. These kinematic results showed that dogs that underwent a CTWO procedure were more likely to have significantly hyperextended gait patterns of the swing phase postoperatively than the dogs that had a TPLO procedure for repair of a ruptured CrCL.

Kinematics of gait in Golden Retriever Muscular Dystrophy

“…In general, the patterns we observed in joint kinematics in GRMD dogs were similar to previous reports in normal dogs [12–15,32,33]. The maximum and minimum angles and the ROM at the stifle and hock were identical to those reported by Marsolais and colleagues for a slow walk [19].…”

“…Kinematic and kinetic analyses in dogs have been conducted using over-ground [9–15] and treadmill walking [16–20]. However, we are not aware of any published studies that have conducted a kinematic evaluation of gait in the GRMD model.…”

Modified cranial closing wedge ostectomy in 25 dogs

“…Proposed limitations of CCWO include distal displacement of the patella and resulting stifle hyperextension . Dogs treated with CCWO display a hyperextended gait characterized by an increased velocity in stifle extension during the middle to end of the swing phase without changes during the stance phase . This hyperextension has been attributed to compensatory mechanisms seeking to restore contact patterns within the femoropatellar joint .…”

“…Dogs treated with CCWO display a hyperextended gait characterized by an increased velocity in stifle extension during the middle to end of the swing phase without changes during the stance phase . This hyperextension has been attributed to compensatory mechanisms seeking to restore contact patterns within the femoropatellar joint . Although the relationship between the length of the tibial cranial wedge (CWL) and the degree of resulting stifle hyperextension has not been elucidated, smaller CWL have intuitively been proposed to limit compensatory stifle hyperextension …”

Kinetic and kinematic follow‐up gait analysis in Doberman Pinschers with cervical spondylomyelopathy treated medically and surgically

“…Kinematic and kinetic gait analyses are being used more frequently in veterinary medicine. Specifically, gait analysis has been used for evaluation of orthopedic diseases including cranial cruciate ligament disease, hip dysplasia, and treatment outcomes after surgical repair of these conditions . Gait analysis also has been used in the evaluation of neurologic diseases in animal models, including dogs, horses, and rodents .…”