Kinematic Framework for Evaluating Seismic Earth Pressures on Retaining Walls

Brandenberg, Scott J.; Mylonakis, George; Stewart, Jonathan P.

doi:10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0001312

Cited by 56 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Solutions are plotted for /H = 12, which is generally consistent with experimental results by Al Atik and Sitar (2010). Note that first-mode resonance of the retained soil column corresponds to /H = 4, and would be associated with significantly higher earth pressures (Brandenberg et al 2015).…”

Section: Influence Of Wall Flexibility and Top Constraintsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…Wall flexibility likely influences ky i , but this effect is beyond the scope of this paper. The key benefit to the proposed Winkler solution compared to the Younan and Veletsos approach is that it is extensible to boundary conditions that are more complicated than the "bathtub" configuration in which the wall and soil rest atop a rigid base layer (e.g., Brandenberg et al 2015). The purpose of comparing with the Younan and Veletsos solution is to demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed solution so that it may be confidently extended to problems with more complex boundary conditions.…”

Section: Comparison With Younan and Veletsos (2000)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These methods tend to produce seismic earth pressures that are higher than M-O pressures because: (1) the wall is usually assumed to be rigid, (2) the soil layer is excited at its first-mode frequency, producing significant depth-variations in ground motions, which in turn produce large relative wall-soil displacements. Brandenberg et al (2015) demonstrated that kinematic seismic earth pressures have a strong dependence on the wavelength-to-height ratio (/H) and high values of /H are associated with lower earth pressures. Most walls are not founded on a rigid base, and the ground motion mean period tends to be associated with high /H values that often produce low seismic earth pressures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Influence of Wall Flexibility on Seismic Earth Pressures in Vertically Homogeneous Soil

Brandenberg

Stewart²,

Mylonakis³

2017

Geo-Risk 2017

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Solutions are formulated for seismic earth pressures acting on vertical flexible walls with the top and bottom constrained by discrete elastic stiffness elements (top constraint representing a structural constraint, bottom constraint representing foundation stiffness). Solutions are formulated using the Winkler assumption and correspond to shear waves propagating vertically through homogeneous soil. Earth pressures decrease as wall flexibility increases. Rotational and translation constraints at the top and bottom of the wall also contribute to mobilization of seismic earth pressures. Current standard-of-practice procedures are based on limit analysis methods that do not consider the influence of frequency, wall flexibility, structural constraints, or soilstructure interaction (SSI) in general. The proposed approach is more robust because wave propagation effects are considered and seismic earth pressures result from the product of relative wall-soil displacements and stiffness at the wall-soil interface.

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Section: Influence Of Wall Flexibility and Top Constraintsupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Comparison With Younan and Veletsos (2000)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of Wall Flexibility on Seismic Earth Pressures in Vertically Homogeneous Soil

Brandenberg

Stewart²,

Mylonakis³

2017

Geo-Risk 2017

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“…The limitations of the pseudo-static method based on M-O were assessed by comparing the differences between pseudo-static and true dynamic behaviours in centrifuge tests by many researchers (Nakamura, 2006;Al Atik & Sitar, 2010;Brandenberg et al, 2015;Hushmand et al, 2016;Wagner & Sitar, 2016;Jo et al, 2014Jo et al, , 2017. In this regard, the definition of k h could be further improved in future studies.…”

Section: Evaluation Of Two Major Considerations In Defining K Hmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of horizontal seismic coefficient for gravity quay walls by centrifuge tests

Lee

Jo³

et al. 2017

Géotechnique Letters

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In the simplified analysis of seismic design of gravity quay walls based on the pseudo-static approach, selection of an appropriate horizontal seismic coefficient (k h ) is important for computing the equivalent pseudo-static inertial force. However, there is no unified standard for defining k h . There are conflicts among the existing k h definitions regarding whether it considers (a) the effect of wall height on maximum horizontal acceleration (MHA) used in the determination of k h or (b) the application of correction factor for k h according to seismic performance grade. This paper evaluates the relevance of these conflicts by initially reviewing the k h definitions in the existing codes and guidelines for port structures and then by performing a series of dynamic centrifuge tests on caisson gravity quay walls of different wall heights (5, 10 and 15 m). A review of the existing codes and guidelines has shown that the correction factor for k h should be specified according to the seismic performance grade for the economical design of quay walls. On the other hand, based on the centrifuge tests, it was found that the MHA used in k h calculation and the correction factor for considering seismic performance grade should reflect the effect of wall height.

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“…Historically, Coulomb pioneered the investigation of lateral earth pressure on the retaining wall by assuming a plane failure surface under limit equilibrium conditions (Coulomb 1776). Various developments rooted in Coulomb earth pressure theory have been reported considering more general ground and loading conditions, for examples in recent years, surcharge loading (Motta 1994;Greco 2005), seismic effects (Wang et al 2008a;Ahmad 2013;Brandenberg et al 2015), cohesive-frictional backfill (Ahmadabadi and Ghanbari 2009;Chen 2014;Xu 2015), and different slip surfaces (Li and Liu 2010;Ouyang et al 2013;Patki et al 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Active earth pressure acting on retaining wall considering anisotropic seepage effect

Yang

Wilkinson

2017

J. Mt. Sci.

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This paper presents a general solution for active earth pressure acting on a vertical retaining wall with a drainage system along the soil-structure interface. The backfill has a horizontal surface and is composed of cohesionless and fully saturated sand with anisotropic permeability along the vertical and horizontal directions. The extremely unfavourable seepage flow on the back of the retaining wall due to heavy rainfall or other causes will dramatically increase the active earth pressure acting on the retaining walls, increasing the probability of instability. In this paper, an analytical solution to the Laplace differential governing equation is presented for seepage problems considering anisotropic permeability based on Fourier series expansion method. A good correlation is observed between this and the seepage forces along a planar surface generated via finite element analysis. The active earth pressure is calculated using Coulomb's earth pressure theory based on the calculated pore water pressures. The obtained solutions can be degenerated into Coulomb's formula when no seepage exists in the backfill. A parametric study on the influence of the degree of anisotropy in seepage flow on the distribution of active earth pressure behind the wall is conducted by varying ratios of permeability coefficients in the vertical and horizontal directions, showing that anisotropic seepage flow has a prominent impact on active earth pressure distribution. Other factors such as effective internal friction angle of soils and soil/wall friction conditions are also considered.

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Kinematic Framework for Evaluating Seismic Earth Pressures on Retaining Walls

Cited by 56 publications

References 20 publications

Influence of Wall Flexibility on Seismic Earth Pressures in Vertically Homogeneous Soil

Influence of Wall Flexibility on Seismic Earth Pressures in Vertically Homogeneous Soil

Assessment of horizontal seismic coefficient for gravity quay walls by centrifuge tests

Active earth pressure acting on retaining wall considering anisotropic seepage effect

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