Kinematic Analysis of the Rider According to Different Skill Levels in Sitting Trot and Canter

Eckardt, Falko; Witte, Kerstin

doi:10.1016/j.jevs.2015.07.022

Cited by 27 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 24 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The rider's movement pattern also becomes more consistent with experience (Lagarde et al, 2005;Peham et al, 2001). For example, the knee joint undergoes a smaller range of motion in sitting trot in more experienced riders (Eckardt and Witte, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 76%

Comparison of stirrup lengths chosen for flatwork by novice and experienced riders

Andrews-Rudd

Farmer-Day

Clayton³

et al. 2018

CEP

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Although stirrups may be considered an essential part of equestrian equipment, there is little research describing their use and function. The aim of the present study was to compare stirrup lengths chosen for flatwork by novice and experienced riders, and to measure the associated leg position and knee angles. Ten novice and ten experienced riders, with kinematic markers attached to their greater trochanter, lateral femoral epicondyle, and lateral fibular malleolus, mounted three horses and a mechanical horse. The riders selected an appropriate stirrup length for flatwork by adjusting the unnumbered stirrup leathers. Stirrup length was measured and expressed as a percentage of the rider’s leg length measured from the greater trochanter to the floor when standing. Lateral photographs were taken from both sides with the riders mounted on each horse in a standing position. The kinematic markers were digitised to measure knee angle and ankle position relative to the hip in the anteroposterior direction. Within riders, there was no significant difference in stirrup length between the three live horses or between the mechanical horse and live horse. Experienced riders consistently selected a significantly longer stirrup length as a percentage of their leg length compared with novice riders (combined data for live horses and mechanical horse; P=0.005). Experienced riders demonstrated a significantly larger knee angle (combined data for live horses and mechanical horse) compared with novice riders (118±8° and 109±7°, respectively; P=0.016). Novice riders had a significantly larger knee angle on the mechanical horse compared with the live horse (115±9° versus 107±9°, respectively; P=0.003). The relatively longer stirrup length selected by experienced riders is thought to reflect the development of an independent seat, which implies the ability to move the legs independently of the pelvis. The chair seat adopted by novice riders on the mechanical horse could be considered counter to improving their equitation skills.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 76%

Comparison of stirrup lengths chosen for flatwork by novice and experienced riders

Andrews-Rudd

Farmer-Day

Clayton³

et al. 2018

CEP

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…For the rider, gaits with suspension phases require pelvic mobility and control in order to follow and amplify the horse's motion Byström et al, 2015;Engell et al, 2016). In skilled riders, the pelvis rotates from anterior to posterior tilt over the stride cycle with a smaller amount of lateral tilt , whilst the trunk maintains a more consistent vertical posture and the head a more consistent and stiller horizontal posture (Eckardt & Witte, 2016). The posture of the pelvis and upper body segments dictates how pressure is distributed under the saddle (De Cocq et al, 2009;Gunst et al, 2019), which affects the aids communicated to the horse and also impacts on the horses' balance (De Cocq et al, 2010b).…”

Section: Trotmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Again, pelvic motion from anterior to posterior tilt of the rider was found to significantly increase nose up trunk tilt of the horse during trotting . Variations in rider pelvic posture are reported (Byström et al, 2009;Münz et al, 2013;Alexander et al, 2015;Byström et al, 2015;Eckardt & Witte, 2016;Engell et al, 2016), but also depend on the goal of the rider. When actively influencing the horse to improve collection in trot, skilled riders have greater posterior pelvic tilt throughout the stride (Byström et al, 2015;Engell et al, 2016).…”

Section: Trotmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Perturbations due to the motion of the horse's trunk are accommodated by the rider with the apparent goal of allowing the rider's hand to maintain a consistent position relative to the bit (Terada, Clayton & Kato, 2006;Eisersiö et al, 2013). Eckardt & Witte (2016) reported an increase in flexion-extension ROM of the elbow in skilled riders to effect this. Terada, Clayton & Kato (2006) showed that pitching rotations of the rider's trunk were compensated by coordinated flexion-extension of the shoulder and elbow joints so the distance from the rider's wrist to the bit changed by no more than 1.5 cm.…”

Section: Trotmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As such, heightened pelvic mobility and postural control are required by the rider to maintain balance and harmony with the horse (Olivier et al, 2017), although greater synchronicity is possible due to canter being a three-beat gait (Wolframm, Bosga & Meulenbroek, 2013). In skilled riders, pelvic anterior-posterior ROM trunk lateral bending ROM and left knee flexion-extension ROM (Eckardt & Witte, 2016) are smaller compared to less skilled riders. As trunk ROM of the horse in pitch and longitudinal forces increase, a closer coupling of the pelvis in anterior-posterior tilt and greater control of the upper body are required in order to follow the phasic motions of the horse (Lovett, Hodson-Tole & Nankervis, 2005;Wolframm, Bosga & Meulenbroek, 2013;.…”

Section: Cantermentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

A scoping review of determinants of performance in dressage

Hobbs

George

Reed

et al. 2020

PeerJ

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

As a first step in achieving an evidence-based classification system for the sport of Para Dressage, there is a clear need to define elite dressage performance. Previous studies have attempted to quantify performance with able-bodied riders using scientific methods; however, definitive measures have yet to be established for the horse and/or the rider. This may be, in part, due to the variety of movements and gaits that are found within a dressage test and also due to the complexity of the horse-rider partnership. The aim of this review is therefore to identify objective measurements of horse performance in dressage and the functional abilities of the rider that may influence them to achieve higher scores. Five databases (SportDiscuss, CINAHL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, VetMed) were systematically searched from 1980 to May 2018. Studies were included if they fulfilled the following criteria: (1) English language; (2) employ objective, quantitative outcome measures for describing equine and human performance in dressage; (3) describe objective measures of superior horse performance using between-subject comparisons and/or relating outcome measures to competitive scoring methods; (4) describe demands of dressage using objective physiological and/or biomechanical measures from human athletes and/or how these demands are translated into superior performance. In total, 773 articles were identified. Title and abstract screening resulted in 155 articles that met the eligibility criteria, 97 were excluded during the full screening of articles, leaving 58 included articles (14 horse, 44 rider) involving 311 equine and 584 able-bodied human participants. Mean ± sd (%) quality scores were 63.5 ± 15.3 and 72.7 ± 14.7 for the equine and human articles respectively. Significant objective measures of horse performance (n = 12 articles) were grouped into themes and separated by gait/movement. A range of temporal variables that indicated superior performance were found in all gaits/movements. For the rider, n = 5 articles reported variables that identified significant differences in skill level, which included the postural position and ROM of the rider’s pelvis, trunk, knee and head. The timing of rider pelvic and trunk motion in relation to the movement of the horse emerged as an important indicator of rider influence. As temporal variables in the horse are consistently linked to superior performance it could be surmised that better overall dressage performance requires minimal disruption from the rider whilst the horse maintains a specific gait/movement. Achieving the gait/movement in the first place depends upon the intrinsic characteristics of the horse, the level of training achieved and the ability of the rider to apply the correct aid. The information from this model will be used to develop an empirical study to test the relative strength of association between impairment and performance in able-bodied and Para Dressage riders.

show abstract

Horse–Rider Interaction: A New Method Based on Inertial Measurement Units

Eckardt

Witte

2017

Journal of Equine Veterinary Science

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Kinematic Analysis of the Rider According to Different Skill Levels in Sitting Trot and Canter

Cited by 27 publications

References 24 publications

Comparison of stirrup lengths chosen for flatwork by novice and experienced riders

Comparison of stirrup lengths chosen for flatwork by novice and experienced riders

A scoping review of determinants of performance in dressage

Horse–Rider Interaction: A New Method Based on Inertial Measurement Units

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About