Kinematic analysis of the gait of adult sheep during treadmill locomotion: Parameter values, allowable total error, and potential for use in evaluating spinal cord injury

Safayi, Sina; Jeffery, Nick D.; Shivapour, Sara K.; Zamanighomi, Mahdi; Zylstra, Tyler; Bratsch-Prince, Joshua X; Wilson, Saul; Reddy, Chandan G.; Fredericks, Douglas C.; Gillies, G. T.; Howard, Matthew A.

doi:10.1016/j.jns.2015.08.031

Cited by 26 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Analysing all these outcome measure collected from the 28 studies included, the most recurrent were the calculation of the mean peak (vertical) GRF [13,[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][26][27][28]31,32,[34][35][36]38,41], gait cycle duration [18,27,30,35,37,41,43], stance -swing phase duration [27,30,32,34,35,[41][42][43], percentage of stance/swing phase in gait [22,35,40,42], stride length [27,[33][34][35][36]40,43] and the stifle joint angles during gait [22,23,25,[29]<...>…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Briefly, there was no study related with osteoporosis. The clinical conditions were mainly orthopedic issues related to bone healing [13,19,26,41], reattachment of the patellar tendon or implants [20,21,28], meniscectomy [24,31,34,38], stifle´s ligaments surgery [30,32,36,37], spinal cord injuries [42,43] were related to ground reaction force (GRF), stance/swing phase duration, stride length, gait cycle duration and the variations of stifle joint angles during gait cycle.…”

Section: Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol 890mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Related to stance and swing phase duration. The stance phase can be calculated as a percentage of the gait cycle dividing the time the animal was in stance phase by the time it took to complete one gait cycle (Shelton et al [34], Tapper et al [22] and Tapper et al [30]), only the single hind limb stance duration (Herfat et al [32]) or the duration of stance and swing phases, and then represent them in percentage of total gait cycle (Safayi et al [42], Wilson et al [43], Kim et al [27], Agostinho et al [35]).…”

Section: Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol 890mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sheep Gait Biomechanics and the Assessment of Musculoskeletal Conditions: A Systematic Review

Silva

Dimas

Fernandez

et al. 2019

AMM

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In recent years, sheep have been reported as the ideal animal model to study osteoporosis, hence it is important to identify instruments, tools and ideal parameters needed to assess the effects of different treatments. In previous studies conducted in other animal models with osteoporosis, the most common parameters used for evaluation concerned primarily bone properties, such as the dual X-ray absorptiometry. However, biomechanical gait analysis as an integrative functional parameter and a non-invasive method, will be an important tool in research and clinical applications. This research review was performed using the PubMed database and included studies related to sheep with outcome measures concerning functional performance assessed during gait in vivo; and excluded studies related with cardiovascular disease and sperm properties, which include other animal species, with outcomes not related with functional locomotor evaluation. Only studies related with bone properties were analyzed. The most frequent and relevant included parameters were the following: mean peak vertical ground force reaction, gait cycle and stance/swing phase duration, percentage of stance/swing phase in a gait cycle, stride length and the stifle joint angles during a gait cycle. Gait biomechanical parameters have been established for the assessment of some clinical orthopedic condition using sheep models but not currently for osteoporosis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol 890mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol 890mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Sheep Gait Biomechanics and the Assessment of Musculoskeletal Conditions: A Systematic Review

Silva

Dimas

Fernandez

et al. 2019

AMM

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…However, in experimental studies, an alternative approach might be feasible: instead of using control animals to define the intra‐animal variability for all animals in an experiment, these measures could instead be derived for each individual. Thus, before making a lesion or implementing a therapeutic intervention, it would be possible, through repeated testing, to accumulate sufficient data to calculate the intra‐animal variability for each individual animal, thus providing an individualized measure of the intervention effect (Safayi et al ., ). For instance, a z‐score for each outcome can be derived for each animal by rearranging Eqn so that

z‐score = proportional change from baseline / \sqrt{2} * \sqrt{()(, {CV}_{normalI}^{2} + {CV}_{normalA}^{2})}

…”

Section: Translating Clinical Pathology Analytical Methods Into Neuromentioning

confidence: 97%

When neuroscience met clinical pathology: partitioning experimental variation to aid data interpretation in neuroscience

Jeffery

Bate

Safayi

et al. 2018

Eur J of Neuroscience

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In animal experiments, neuroscientists typically assess the effectiveness of interventions by comparing the average response of groups of treated and untreated animals. While providing useful insights, focusing only on group effects risks overemphasis of small, statistically significant but physiologically unimportant, differences. Such differences can be created by analytical variability or physiological within-individual variation, especially if the number of animals in each group is small enough that one or two outlier values can have considerable impact on the summary measures for the group. Physicians face a similar dilemma when comparing two results from the same patient. To determine whether the change between two values reflects disease progression or known analytical and physiological variation, the magnitude of the difference between two results is compared to the reference change value. These values are generated by quantifying analytical and within-individual variation, and differences between two results from the same patient are considered clinically meaningful only if they exceed the combined effect of these two sources of 'noise'. In this article, we describe how the reference change interval can be applied within neuroscience. This form of analysis provides a measure of outcome at an individual level that complements traditional group-level comparisons, and therefore, introduction of this technique into neuroscience can enrich interpretation of experimental data. It can also safeguard against some of the possible misinterpretations that may occur during analysis of the small experimental groups that are common in neuroscience and, by illuminating analytical error, may aid in design of more efficient experimental methods.

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“…�ere is at present no spinal cord equivalent of a direct brain stimulation (DBS) system, in that virtually all of the SCS devices now in clinical use are implanted in the epidural space and thus encounter fundamental performance limits dictated by the presence of the intervening layer of CSF. �e approach that we have proposed and are investigating [57] seeks to circumvent this limitation through direct intradural stimulation, and to re-introduce that method [58] as a clinical option employed against intractable neuropathic pain and the spasticity arising from spinal cord injury [59]. �is would represent a significant departure from the status quo, wherein intradural placement of a stimulator lead is either an inadvertent result of attempted epidural placement [60] or, rarely, an intentional means of having the body of the lead serve as a dural substitute [61].…”

Section: Ongoing Efforts and Future Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vivo Measurements of the Frequency-Dependent Impedance of the Spinal Cord

Utz

Miller

Reddy

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Improved knowledge of the electrode-tissue impedance will be useful in optimizing the clinical protocols and resulting e�cacy of the existing and emerging approaches to spinal cord stimulation. Toward that end, the complex impedance (amplitude and phase) of in vivo ovine spinal cord tissue was measured at the electrode-pial subdural surface interface from 5 Hz to 1 MHz, and with the bi-polar electrodes oriented both parallel and perpendicular to the rostralcaudal axis of the spinal cord. At stimulation frequencies above 10 kHz, most of the impedance then becomes resistive in nature and the phase diference between the stimulation signal and the resulting current drops to ≈ 10˚, thus maximizing power transfer to the tissues. Also, at these higher frequencies, the current pulse maintains significantly greater fidelity to the shape of the stimulation signal applied across the electrodes. Lastly, there were lower impedances associated with parallel as opposed to perpendicular orientation of the electrodes, thus reflecting the efects of fiber orientation within the spinal cord. Impedance diferences of this kind have not been reported with epidural stimulation because of the electrical shunting efects of the intervening layer of relatively high conductivity cerebrospinal fluid. �ese observations provide a quantitative basis for improved models of spinal cord stimulation and suggest certain advantages for direct intradural stimulation relative to the standard epidural approaches.

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Kinematic analysis of the gait of adult sheep during treadmill locomotion: Parameter values, allowable total error, and potential for use in evaluating spinal cord injury

Cited by 26 publications

References 28 publications

Sheep Gait Biomechanics and the Assessment of Musculoskeletal Conditions: A Systematic Review

Sheep Gait Biomechanics and the Assessment of Musculoskeletal Conditions: A Systematic Review

When neuroscience met clinical pathology: partitioning experimental variation to aid data interpretation in neuroscience

In Vivo Measurements of the Frequency-Dependent Impedance of the Spinal Cord

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