Killer toxin of Hanseniaspora uvarum

Radler, F.; Schmitt, Manfred; Meyer, Brigitte

doi:10.1007/bf00423329

Cited by 51 publications

(39 citation statements)

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“…Isoelectric focusing of the purified protein indicated that the killer toxin has an approximate isoelectric point (pI) of 3?9. The properties (molecular mass, isoelectric point and subunit structure) determined for the killer toxin of P. membranifaciens CYC 1106 bear close resemblance to those displayed by the K2 killer toxin of S. cerevisiae (Young & Yagiu, 1978) and the killer toxins isolated from H. uvarum (Radler et al, 1990). However, in both species plasmids were found to be associated with the killer character, in contrast to the results obtained with P. membranifaciens (data not shown).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 62%

“…The food and beverage industries were among the first to explore the ability of toxin-producing yeasts to kill other micro-organisms (Javadekar et al, 1995). Attention has mainly focused on the characterization of killer toxins from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Bevan et al, 1973;Breinig et al, 2002;Carroll & Wickner, 1995;Schmitt & Radler, 1988;Weinstein et al, 1993;Wickner, 1974Wickner, , 1986 and Kluyveromyces lactis (Niwa et al, 1981;Young, 1987), more recently followed by investigation of yeasts such as Zygosaccharomyces bailii (Radler et al, 1993), Hanseniaspora uvarum (Radler et al, 1990), Pichia membranifaciens (Santos et al, 2000), Debaryomyces hansenii (Gunge et al,mycocins are proteins or glycoproteins that bind to polysaccharide structures on the yeast cell wall and this property has been used for the production of purified toxin proteins (Hutchins & Bussey, 1983).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Killer toxin of Pichia membranifaciens and its possible use as a biocontrol agent against grey mould disease of grapevine

Santos

Marquina

2004

Microbiology

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The use of Pichia membranifaciens CYC 1106 killer toxin against Botrytis cinerea was investigated. This strain exerted a broad-specificity killing action against other yeasts and fungi. At pH 4, optimal killer activity was observed at temperatures up to 20 6C. At 25 6C the toxic effect was reduced to 70 %. The killer activity was higher in acidic medium. Above about pH 4?5 activity decreased sharply and was barely noticeable at pH 6. The killer toxin protein from P. membranifaciens CYC 1106 was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity. SDS-PAGE of the purified killer protein indicated an apparent molecular mass of 18 kDa. Killer toxin production was stimulated in the presence of non-ionic detergents. The toxin concentrations present in the supernatant during optimal production conditions exerted a fungicidal effect on a strain of B. cinerea. The symptoms of infection and grey mould observed in Vitis vinifera plants treated with B. cinerea were prevented in the presence of purified P. membranifaciens killer toxin. The results obtained suggest that P. membranifaciens CYC 1106 killer toxin is of potential use in the biocontrol of B. cinerea. INTRODUCTIONGrey mould is a well-known disease caused by Botrytis cinerea. This fungus, which infects a wide array of annual and perennial herbaceous plants, is favoured by certain environmental conditions and may be particularly damaging when rainy, drizzly weather continues over several days. B. cinerea is a ubiquitous fungus with a wide host range, causing yield losses in wine grapes, lettuce, onion, potato, strawberry, tomato and other species of commercial interest. Chemical control of Botrytis has been partially successful and fungicides are commonly used in the management of grey mould. However, the risk of the establishment of resistant Botrytis strains is considerable (Beever et al., 1989;Raposo et al., 2000). Factors related to the efficiency of such agents include the timing of application, thoroughness of coverage, and in the case of certain systemic fungicides, build-up of Botrytis strains with fungicide tolerance; fungicides then only serve to suppress natural competitors, often rendering the disease even more severe (Beever et al., 1989;Raposo et al., 2000). With rekindled public concern about environmental issues, together with the awareness that upsetting the natural microbial balance can lead to severe outbreaks of disease, plant pathologists are increasingly interested in the possibilities of biological control. Biocontrol, a non-hazardous alternative to the use of chemical fungicides, involves the use of biological processes to reduce crop loss and various micro-organisms (Bacillus circulans, Bacillus subtilis, Candida oleophila, Candida sake, Debaryomyces hansenii, Gliocladium, Trichoderma, Pichia guillermondii, Pythium spp., etc) have been reported to protect plants from fungal infections (Barka et al., 2000;Droby et al., 1996;Masih et al., 2000;Masih & Paul, 2002;Walker et al., 1995Walker et al., , 2002Wilson et al., 1996).Since it was first reported (Mako...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 62%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Killer toxin of Pichia membranifaciens and its possible use as a biocontrol agent against grey mould disease of grapevine

Santos

Marquina

2004

Microbiology

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“…Erwinia chrysanthemi is also a plant pathogen causing bacterial decays on a number of different plants and it may be problematic to use it as a biocontrol agent. H. uvarum is a yeast that is known to produce a killer toxin that is active below pH 5, not sensitive to heat treatment, and lethal to other yeast strains (38,39,56). It is also known to inhibit Rhizopus and Botrytis spp.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biocontrol of the Food-Borne Pathogens Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica Serovar Poona on Fresh-Cut Apples with Naturally Occurring Bacterial and Yeast Antagonists

Leverentz

Conway

Janisiewicz

et al. 2006

Appl Environ Microbiol

121

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Fresh-cut apples contaminated with either Listeria monocytogenes or Salmonella enterica serovar Poona, using strains implicated in outbreaks, were treated with one of 17 antagonists originally selected for their ability to inhibit fungal postharvest decay on fruit. While most of the antagonists increased the growth of the food-borne pathogens, four of them, including Gluconobacter asaii (T1-D1), a Candida sp. (T4-E4), Discosphaerina fagi (ST1-C9), and Metschnikowia pulcherrima (T1-E2), proved effective in preventing the growth or survival of food-borne human pathogens on fresh-cut apple tissue. The contaminated apple tissue plugs were stored for up to 7 days at two different temperatures. The four antagonists survived or grew on the apple tissue at 10 or 25°C. These four antagonists reduced the Listeria monocytogenes populations and except for the Candida sp. (T4-E4), also reduced the S. enterica serovar Poona populations. The reduction was higher at 25°C than at 10°C, and the growth of the antagonists, as well as pathogens, increased at the higher temperature.

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“…Since first discovered in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (2), killer strains have been isolated from several yeast genera, including Candida (46), Cryptococcus (10), Hanseniaspora (33), Kluyveromyces (14), Pichia (27), Torulopsis (7), Ustilago (30), Williopsis (45), and Zygosaccharomyces (32). Based on killing and immunity interactions among killer yeasts, killer phenotypes are classified into at least 10 groups (48) and the responsible genes may be carried on a chromosome (S. cerevisiae KHS, KHR, Williopsis mrakii) (11,12,21), on a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) (S. cerevisiae K1, K2, K28, Ustilage maydis, Hanseniaspora uvarum) (5,15,22,35,49), or on a linear double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) (Kluyveromyces lactis, Pichia inositovora, Pichia acaciae) (14,16,44).…”

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confidence: 99%

Isolation, Purification, and Characterization of a Killer Protein fromSchwanniomyces occidentalis

Chen¹,

Han²,

Jong

et al. 2000

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The yeast Schwanniomyces occidentalis produces a killer toxin lethal to sensitive strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Killer activity is lost after pepsin and papain treatment, suggesting that the toxin is a protein. We purified the killer protein and found that it was composed of two subunits with molecular masses of approximately 7.4 and 4.9 kDa, respectively, but was not detectable with periodic acid-Schiff staining. A BLAST search revealed that residues 3 to 14 of the 4.9-kDa subunit had 75% identity and 83% similarity with killer toxin K2 from S. cerevisiae at positions 271 to 283. Maximum killer activity was between pH 4.2 and 4.8. Killer yeasts secrete toxins lethal to sensitive yeasts but are immune to their own toxins. Since first discovered in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (2), killer strains have been isolated from several yeast genera, including Candida (46), Cryptococcus (10), Hanseniaspora (33), Kluyveromyces (14), Pichia (27), Torulopsis (7), Ustilago (30), Williopsis (45), and Zygosaccharomyces (32). Based on killing and immunity interactions among killer yeasts, killer phenotypes are classified into at least 10 groups (48) and the responsible genes may be carried on a chromosome (S. cerevisiae KHS, KHR, Williopsis mrakii) (11,12,21), on a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) (S. cerevisiae K1, K2, K28, Ustilage maydis, Hanseniaspora uvarum) (5,15,22,35,49), or on a linear double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) (Kluyveromyces lactis, Pichia inositovora, Pichia acaciae) (14,16,44).Schwanniomyces occidentalis produces amylolytic enzymes, including ␣-amylase and glucoamylase (8). It is one of the few yeasts capable of completely hydrolyzing soluble starch. Moreover, it can grow to high cell mass by utilizing cheap starch from plants such as cassava, corn, potato, sorghum, and wheat as the carbon source (40). S. occidentalis has been used to produce ethanol and single cell protein from starch fermentation (19,42). S. occidentalis has no detectable extracellular proteases and can secrete large proteins (40). It also has an established transformation system and available inducible promoters, which could make it a commercially important system for the production of heterologous proteins (40). For example, endoglucanase D recently has been successfully expressed and secreted in this system (31).Wild killer yeasts sometimes contaminate cultures of industrial yeasts, resulting in lagging or stopped fermentation and poor product quality (39). To avoid such complications, the use of industrial killer strains as starters has been suggested (17). Commercially interesting killer strains for sake brewing, wine making, alcohol fermentation, and lager, beer, and ale production have been constructed (29,36,39,47). Furthermore, the W. mrakii mycocin expressed by Aspergillus niger can reduce silage and yogurt spoilage caused by yeasts (25).The killer phenotype of S. occidentalis has not been described previously. Thus, our objectives in this study were as follows: (i) to screen killer strains from S. occidentalis for a killer phenotype; (ii...

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Killer toxin of Hanseniaspora uvarum

Cited by 51 publications

References 15 publications

Killer toxin of Pichia membranifaciens and its possible use as a biocontrol agent against grey mould disease of grapevine

Killer toxin of Pichia membranifaciens and its possible use as a biocontrol agent against grey mould disease of grapevine

Biocontrol of the Food-Borne Pathogens Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica Serovar Poona on Fresh-Cut Apples with Naturally Occurring Bacterial and Yeast Antagonists

Isolation, Purification, and Characterization of a Killer Protein fromSchwanniomyces occidentalis

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