Kīlauea summit overflows: their ages and distribution in the Puna District, Hawai'i

Clague, David A.; Hagstrum, Jonathan T.; Champion, Duane E.; Beeson, Melvin H.

doi:10.1007/s004450050279

Cited by 44 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(43 reference statements)

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“…Baag et al [1995] claimed that magnetic anomalies and terrain effects are a major problem for paleomagnetic studies of volcanic rocks, but they cited extreme examples (e.g., localities within large fractures) from the highly magnetic terrain of Hawai'i in support of their conclusions. In contrast, our work on Hawai'i shows that overall means for a number of geographically dispersed sites within five well-mapped historical and recent flow fields have angular standard deviations ranging from 1.4°to 2.7° Champion, 1994, 1995;Clague et al, 1999].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 77%

A Holocene paleosecular variation record from ¹⁴C‐dated volcanic rocks in western North America

Hagstrum

Champion

2002

J. Geophys. Res.

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A paleosecular variation (PSV) curve for western North America is presented on the basis of 94 virtual geomagnetic poles (VGPs) from dated volcanic rocks sampled at 446 sites. Approximately 60% of the paleomagnetic database has been previously published. A curve defined by “spherical smoothed splines” is fitted to the VGPs, ranked by the quality of the age determinations, where the data density is highest between 3690 and −30 years before present (B.P.) (A.D. 1950), between 7800 and 7050 years B.P., and between 14,060 and 12,700 years B.P. The younger segments of the curve derived from volcanic rocks are similar but less complex than other high‐resolution PSV curves derived from lacustrine sediments, particularly the record at Fish Lake, Oregon. The PSV record from lava flows (PSVL), however, is perhaps more reliable in its general shape and chronology because of the higher fidelity of volcanic rocks as magnetic field recorders and because of the greater density of 14C dates. The new PSVL record provides a partial Holocene master curve for western North America and will be of particular value in dating geological and archeological materials using paleomagnetic directions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 77%

A Holocene paleosecular variation record from ¹⁴C‐dated volcanic rocks in western North America

Hagstrum

Champion

2002

J. Geophys. Res.

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“…Developed on lavas from the Kīlauea Iki lava lake, this technique has been applied most often to water quenched samples from active flows Helz et al 1995;Cashman et al 1999;Folley 1999). However, Clague et al (1999) used this technique on air quenched samples from solidified lava flows to determine the thermal efficiency of tubes feeding the 'Aila'au eruption (a.d. 1445). As temperatures are based on the rate of MgO consumption from the fluid by the crystalline phases, we assume that the crystallinity is in equilibrium with the temperature of emplacement.…”

Section: Analytical Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examining flow emplacement through the surface morphology of three rapidly emplaced, solidified lava flows, K?lauea Volcano, Hawai'i

Soule

Cashman

Kauahikaua

2004

Bulletin of Volcanology

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Examining flow emplacement through the surface morphology of three rapidly emplaced, solidified lava flows, Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaii Abstract The surface morphologies (pāhoehoe and 'a'ā) of three short-duration, high effusion rate Kīlauean lava flows record important information about basaltic lava flow emplacement. Variations in the distributions of surface morphology with distance from the vent indicate the cumulative effects of both intrinsic (i.e. composition, temperature, crystallinity) and extrinsic (i.e. topography, effusion rate, flow velocity) parameters of emplacement. Detailed surface mapping with aerial photos and radar imagery reveal that all three flows exhibit a flow facies evolution common to Hawaiian 'a'ā flows of (1) pāhoe-hoe sheet flows, (2) 'a'ā-filled channels within pāhoehoe sheets, and (3) channelized 'a'ā. The resulting surface morphology distribution is similar among flows, although differences in the length scale of the distribution exist. We characterize the surface morphology distribution by the distance from the vent to the onset of the surface morphology transition (0.5-4 km) and the length of the transition from onset to completion (1.5-7 km). The parameters that affect surface morphology changes are investigated by comparison of two recent flows (July and December 1974). There is no correlation between the location of the surface morphology transition and local changes in slope; instead, 'a'ā formation initiates when flows reach a critical groundmass crystallinity of j~0.18. This critical crystallinity, composed primarily of plagioclase and pyroxene microlites, does not appear to be affected by the presence or absence of olivine phenocrsyts. This crystallinity also correlates with theoretical and experimental predictions for the onset of a yield strength and supports the idea that crystal-crystal interactions are controlled primarily by the content of prismatic crystals (e.g. plagioclase). The dependence of the morphologic transition on post-eruptive crystallization requires that the down-flow location of the surface morphology transition is determined by both eruption temperature and effusion rate, with hotter, faster flows traveling greater distances before crystallizing enough to form 'a'ā. The length of the transition zone is proportional to the rate of flow cooling, which is dramatically influenced by topographic confinement. A comparison of the surface morphology distributions of these flows to the 1823 Keaiwa flow, which has a similar composition, pre-eruptive topography, and eruption temperature suggests that it was emplaced at effusion and flow advance rates, 300 m 3 /s and 1-3 m/s, respectively, typical of observed Hawaiian eruptions and much lower than previous estimates from the run-up height of lava. Evaluation of independent methods to determine flowfront velocities indicates that run-up height estimates consistently exceed estimates from tree-mold measurements and observation of active flows of <2 m/s. Channel velocities of 1-3 m/s, inferred through analysis of 'a'ā ...

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“…Likewise, Clague et al [1999] obtain cooling rates of $0.35°C km À1 from a 0.07-0.09 wt % change in MgO per kilometer down $40 km of tube within the A.D. 1145 Aila'au flows of Kilauea. In contrast, lava flowing in an open channel suffers extreme heat loss on the order of 1 -100°C km À1 [Cashman et al, 1999;Harris et al, 2005;Harris and Rowland, 2001;Keszthelyi and Self, 1998].…”

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confidence: 93%

Field measurements of heat loss from skylights and lava tube systems

Witter¹,

Harris²

2007

J. Geophys. Res.

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We present temperature measurements made at skylights in the active flow field of Kilauea Volcano between 1995 and 2000. Spot temperature measurements of the lava stream within the lava tube revealed surface temperatures of 1017–1132°C. This compared with lava core temperatures of 1161 ± 3°C. The difference is the result of surface cooling due to radiation at the skylights. A FLIR thermal imager recorded a down‐tube lava surface temperature decrease followed by a surface temperature recovery due to entrainment of the crust down flow of the skylight. The temperature of hot air expelled from skylights reached a maximum of 600°C. From these field data, we place constraints on heat loss from the skylight and lava tube. Heat losses due to conduction and circulation of air in wall rocks around the tube are 103–104 and 104–106 W m−1 down tube, respectively. At skylights, heat losses due to radiation and forced convection are 1.5 × 105 W m−1 over the skylight length and 5 × 105 W per skylight, respectively. For a 10‐km‐long tube, the total heat loss is between 5 × 108 and 1 × 1010 W for a fully roofed tube with an additional 1.1 × 106 W lost per 4 m × 1 m skylight. In terms of cooling rates, 1.2°C km−1 is a minimum resulting from heat losses at fully roofed tubes with no skylights. Heat loss and cooling rate will, however, increase with skylight area.

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Kīlauea summit overflows: their ages and distribution in the Puna District, Hawai'i

Cited by 44 publications

References 27 publications

A Holocene paleosecular variation record from ¹⁴C‐dated volcanic rocks in western North America

A Holocene paleosecular variation record from ¹⁴C‐dated volcanic rocks in western North America

Examining flow emplacement through the surface morphology of three rapidly emplaced, solidified lava flows, K?lauea Volcano, Hawai'i

Field measurements of heat loss from skylights and lava tube systems

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Kīlauea summit overflows: their ages and distribution in the Puna District, Hawai'i

Cited by 44 publications

References 27 publications

A Holocene paleosecular variation record from 14C‐dated volcanic rocks in western North America

A Holocene paleosecular variation record from 14C‐dated volcanic rocks in western North America

Examining flow emplacement through the surface morphology of three rapidly emplaced, solidified lava flows, K?lauea Volcano, Hawai'i

Field measurements of heat loss from skylights and lava tube systems

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A Holocene paleosecular variation record from ¹⁴C‐dated volcanic rocks in western North America

A Holocene paleosecular variation record from ¹⁴C‐dated volcanic rocks in western North America