Kielten sulautuminen suomen ja viron kontaktissa

Abstract

This article examines the morphological and morphophonological mixing that occurs in a contact between two Finnic languages, Finnish (the Ingrian Finnish dialect) and Estonian. Morphology and morphophonology are generally considered resistant to cross-linguistic interference and especially bound morphemes are rarely transferred in language contacts. Th e contacts between cognate languages represent an exception in this respect and when the contacting languages are genetically closely related and morphologically rich, there are fewer constraints to morphological borrowing. Morphological mixing is defined here as a phenomenon where morphemes from two diff erent languages are combined within a single word form and in the Finnish-Estonian context, it results in hybrid forms where there is no clear switch from one code to another but the elements blend together. It appears that morphological mixing emerges spontaneously during speech processing by bilingual speakers. The morphological blends seem to result from two mechanisms, the use of productive inflectional processes and the analogical formation based on a large cross-linguistic network of Finnish and Estonian words and word forms

Multiple roots of innovations in language contact

“…What is common to these cases is that the words or word forms produced by the speakers are composites of two forms (either two alternating forms of a single language system or synonymous forms from two distinct language systems). In the present data, cross-linguistic influence is relatively often manifested in forms in which it is not possible to show a clear switch from one grammatical system to another but Ingrian Finnish and Estonian elements are just mixed and blended in various ways, obscuring the boundaries between the two languages (see also Riionheimo 2010c and2011). This section illuminates the various ways in which such interaction may occur between the complex morphological and morphophonological systems of Ingrian Finnish and Estonian.…”

Englannin kielen vaikutuksia kuusivuotiaiden suomea ja englantia omaksuvien lasten sammakkotarinoissa

“…Tietynlaisten rakenteiden siirtyminen on kiinaa ja englantia tutkineiden Yippin ja Mathewsin (2000) mukaan ylipäätään mahdollista kielten keskinäisen erilaisuuden vuoksi, sillä samanlaisia piirteitä ei havaita kaksikielisillä, joiden kielipareina ovat sukulaiskielet. Toisaalta kontaktoivien kielten typologisen läheisyyden ja rakenteellisen samankaltaisuuden on havaittu johtavan runsaaseen kieltenväliseen vaikutukseen (Riionheimo, 2010). Englannin kielen vaikutusta suomea puhuvien kaksikielisten lasten valintoihin on tutkittu melko vähän (esim.…”

Koodivahetusest Peterburi vanema põlvkonna eestlaste keelekasutuses

“…Kakskeelse kõneleja käsutuses on mitmesugused keelelised vahendid, mida ta võib loovalt kasutada, ning lõpptulemus ei pruugi olla sarnane ükskeelse kõneleja standarditega (Verschik 2010: 163). Seetõttu pole uurijate meelest otstarbekas teha ranget vahet koodivahetuse ja laenude vahel, vaid käsitleda kahe keele vahelduvat kasutamist üldisemalt, ühe keele elementide kopeerimisena teise keele konteksti (Riionheimo 2010: 231, pikemalt nt Verschik 2007: 365-377 ja Praakli 2009.…”