Kidney stone disease and risk factors for coronary heart disease

Abstract

Background : We conducted a case-control study to examine the impact of coronal heart disease (CHD) risk factors on calcium oxalate (CaOX) stone formation. Methods : Variables included body mass index (BMI), current alcohol use, smoking habit, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, and hyperuricemia. Data sufficient for analysis were obtained for 181 CaOX stone formers and 187 controls.Results : Seven of 181 stone formers (3.9%) had a history of CHD compared with none of 187 control subjects ( P = 0.007). In univariate logistic regression analysis, smoking habit (OR 4.41, 95% CI 2.85-6.84, P < 0.0001), hypertension (OR 4.24, 95% CI 2.61-6.91, P < 0.0001), hypercholesterolemia (OR 3.03, 95% CI 1.77-5.20, P < 0.0001) and BMI (OR 1.10, 95% CI 1.04-1.17, P = 0.007) reached statistical significance. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, smoking habit (OR 4.29, 95% CI 2.68-6.86, P < 0.0001), hypertension (OR 3.57, 95% CI 2.11-6.07, P < 0.0001), and hypercholesterolemia (OR 2.74, 95% CI 1.51-5.00, P = 0.001) reached statistical significance, while BMI (OR 1.06, 95% CI 0.99-1.12, P = 0.09) did not. Conclusions : CaOX stone formers are significantly associated with several CHD risk factors, including smoking habit, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and obesity.

Prevalence of carotid artery calcification on panoramic radiographs in patients with renal stones

“…KS is gradually being related to atherosclerosis and recognized as an indicator of systemic disease (4,5,(24)(25)(26). The current study highlights the association of KSs with CAC.…”

“…KS has been associated with obesity, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus (24)(25)(26). When compared to the general population, patients with KSs have a higher prevalence of chronic diseases and are associated with cardiovascular disorders (4,5,25). Recently, a significant association between KSs and carotid atherosclerosis has been found (8).…”

“…Although important advances were made during the last decades in defining kidney stone formation, many problems regarding calculus pathogenesis still remain unexplained. It is becoming apparent that renal stone disorder is generally associated with type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases (3,4). There is some evidence that subjects who have kidney stones are at elevated risk for myocardial infarction, and this risk is found to be independent of chronic renal failure and other risk factors (5).…”

Relationship between urolithiasis and diastolic functions of the heart

“…Various environmental and genetic factors play roles in the development of urinary stone disease (2). Relationships between urolithiasis and cardiovascular disorders were previously evaluated in several studies and a significant relation between urolithiasis and hypertension, cardiovascular mortality, and cardiovascular disease risk factors including smoking and hypercholesterolemia was shown (3,4). It was also found that prior occurrence of nephrolithiasis is associated with development of hypertension (5).…”

“…In a study by Rule et al (27), an increased risk for myocardial infarction was found in kidney stone formers, and this risk was independent of chronic kidney disease and other risk factors. Calcium oxalate stone formation was also shown to be associated with several coronary heart disease risk factors, including smoking habit, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and obesity (28,29). Schlieper et al mentioned a probably common pathway playing a role in the calcification of various tissues, such as in the urinary system and cardiovascular system (30).…”