Khoisan food plants: taxa with potential for future economic exploitation

Arnold, Tom; Wells, M. J.; Wehmeyer, A. S.

doi:10.1007/978-94-011-6830-4_6

Cited by 39 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…(16) This appears to result from inaccuracies due to the applied methodology as carbohydrates were determined by an indirect method, namely the difference method. Also, the reported protein range for S. innocua was remarkably wide, namely from 0.3 g/100 g dw (22) to 12.8 g/100 g dw, (33) where outlier values may be due to small sample sizes in the studies. All authors used the Kjeldahl analysis with a conversion factor of 6.25 for protein determination; hence, the methodology cannot be the cause of the observed variation in data.…”

Section: Macronutrientsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…(16) Food high in fiber is often richer in micronutrients, (35) thus this might explain the high micronutrient content of S. innocua and S. spinosa (Table 3). The ash content of the four monkey orange species was between 0.5 g/100 g for S. innocua and S. cocculoides (33,34) to 4.7 g/100 g for S. innocua. (15) Arnold et al (33) reported low ash contents for S. spinosa (1.8 g/100 g dw), S. cocculoides (0.5 g/100 g dw) and S. pungens (1 g/100 g dw); these low Table 2.…”

Section: Macronutrientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reported energy values range from 1315.4 kJ/100 g (33) to 2083.6 kJ/100 g (34) for all the four species. The differences in values between studies and from species to species could result from different coefficients used to compute energy values.…”

Section: Macronutrientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The differences in values between studies and from species to species could result from different coefficients used to compute energy values. In a comparative study, S. spinosa ranked superior to other indigenous fruits; the energy value for S. spinosa was 1923 kJ/100 g, which was higher than for ber (Z. mauritiana), with an energy value of 1588 kJ/100 g, and baobab (A. digitata), with an energy value of 1480 kJ/100 g. (16) Generally, the crude fiber content ranged from 2.5 g/100 g dw (22) to 22.2 g/100 g dw (33) for monkey orange species reviewed. The fiber content of S. spinosa (17.6 g/100 g dw) was similar to that of S. innocua (17.9 g/100 g dw), as reported by Saka and Msonthi.…”

Section: Macronutrientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Local processing and nutritional composition of indigenous fruits: The case of monkey orange (Strychnos spp.) from Southern Africa

Ngadze

Linnemann

Nyanga

et al. 2016

Food Reviews International

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Monkey orange (Strychnos spp.) is a widely distributed fruit species in Southern Africa commonly consumed by the local population. It has potential to improve the nutritional status of rural populations, being a precious food source in areas with periodic shortages, since it is rich in vitamin C, zinc, and iron. To improve the availability of this food outside its production season, processing and preservation techniques used at household level need upgrading as they are unreliable and their effects on nutritional quality are unknown. Based on this review, we recommend better indigenous fruit production as a sustainable solution to malnutrition in rural areas in transition countries.

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Section: Macronutrientsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Macronutrientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Macronutrientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Macronutrientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Local processing and nutritional composition of indigenous fruits: The case of monkey orange (Strychnos spp.) from Southern Africa

Ngadze

Linnemann

Nyanga

et al. 2016

Food Reviews International

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show abstract

“…These are carbohydrate-rich and seasonally available. Corms would provide a useful waterbased source of energy but little in the way of structural lipids or fats, though they may represent the best collectable items available (Figure 2, derived from Arnold et al, 1989). Oil-rich nuts and seeds are not a feature of this landscape, as they are of the more productive subtropical ecosystems to the north.…”

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confidence: 99%

Humanity from African Naissance to Coming Millennia

Tobias¹,

Raath²,

Moggi‐Cecchi³

et al. 2001

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The first 2.5 million years of hominid history is characterized by limited dispersals similar to those of the living great apes whose home range sizes very little between years. Unlike our closest relative Pan, who are particulary vulnerable during dispersal because the distribution of their resources is highly habitat specific and predation takes a relatively higher toll than it does in r-selected animals, hominids are widely dispersed after 1.8 Ma. Hominid dispersal must have entailed either a shift in the types of resources exploited or a technological advance to ensure resource availability or both. Using data from ecology, geochronology, morphology, and paleontology we assess the initial hominid dispersal from Africa and the relationship to patterns of dispersal in nonhuman primates and large mammals of both 'widely dispersing' and 'non-dispersing' species. The dispersal rates of Plio/Pleistocene hominids differ from those of nonhuman primates and are typical of widely-dispersing large mammals. In fact, H. erectus first appears in Java almost immediately after its appearence in Africa, yet its first appearence in Java is contemporaneous with that of Colobus, Macaca, and Pongo that had already inhabited mainland Asia for millions of years. Although the timing of the first hominid dispersal pre-dates significant technological advances, the energy required by larger hominid body/brain sizes suggest a shift to exploitation of highprotein packages that, according to correlation between faunal and chronometric sequences, is itself dispersing. These data suggest that it is at the origin of H. erectus (sensu lato) that our uniquely human dispersal capabilities began to emerge and that this dispersal is not primarily due to the technological innovation of the Acheulean tradition. IntroductionThe global distribution of Homo sapiens contrasts with the restricted ranges of our closest living primate relative, Pan. Yet for some three million years after our lineages diverged, both were apparently exclusively African phenomena, as Pan remains today. These current biogeographic differences are reflected in home range (HR) sizes that are some 15 to 100 times greater in recent human huntergatherers than in Pan. (23 hectares in Pan, 330-2600 in humans; Leonard and Robertson, 2000). Although an extensive literature considers the significance of the behavioral repertoire that allows the final, relatively late, dispersal of Homo sapiens into Australasia, North and South America, and Siberia (e.g., Lindly & Clark, 1990;Roberts et al., 1991; Davidson & Noble, 1992; Jelinek, 1994; Waters et al., 1997), the origin of this difference in dispersal patterns is not well understood.The original hominid dispersal from Africa has been viewed as a largely hominid (technologically) driven rather than ecologically driven phenomenon. Such scenarios are based on the idea that widely dispersed ex-African hominids are not found before 1.0 ma (Pope, 1983) or are not found before the development of the Acheulean (Wolpoff, 1999), and thus that th...

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Current views on hunter‐gatherer nutrition and the evolution of the human diet

Crittenden

Schnorr

2017

American J Phys Anthropol

133

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Diet composition and food choice are not only central to the daily lives of all living people, but are consistently linked with turning points in human evolutionary history. As such, scholars from a wide range of fields have taken great interest in the role that subsistence has played in both human cultural and biological evolution. Central to this discussion is the diet composition and nutrition of contemporary hunters and gatherers, who are frequently conscripted as model populations for ancestral human nutrition. Research among the world's few remaining foraging populations is experiencing a resurgence, as they are making the final transition away from diets composed of wild foods, to those dominated by domesticated cultigens and/or processed foods.In an effort to glean as much information as possible, before such populations are no longer hunting and gathering, researchers interested in the evolution of human nutrition are rapidly collecting and accessing new and more data. Methods of scientific inquiry are in the midst of rapid change and scholars are able to revisit long-standing questions using state of the art analyses. Here, using the most relevant findings from studies in ethnography, nutrition, human physiology, and microbiomes, we provide a brief summary of the study of the evolution of human nutrition as it has specifically pertained to data coming from living hunter-gatherers. In doing so, we hope to bridge the disciplines that are currently invested in research on nutrition and health among foraging populations. K E Y W O R D Sdiet composition, forager, gut microbiome, human evolution, nutrition | I N T R O D U C T I O NDiet composition and food choice are indisputably a core facet in all human societies. Changes in diet are routinely associated with watershed moments in human evolution-such as tool making, brain expansion, family formation, cooperation, and even increased longevity (Aiello & Wheeler, 1995; Lee & DeVore, 1968;Wrangham, 2009). In the not-too-distant past, before industrialization, the rise of the middle class, and the development of market economies, procuring and preparing enough food to feed one's self and one's family occupied a significant portion of daily labor. In contemporary unindustrialized small-scale societies, this is still largely the case (Hawkes et al., 1997;Marlowe, 2010;Wood & Marlowe, 2013). Appropriately, anthropologists take great interest in the role that food and diet have had in human biological and cultural evolution (Messer, 1984). The old proverbs, "you are what you eat" and "tell me what you eat and I'll tell you what you are" (Brillat-Savarin, 1862) speak about food not only as a physical embodiment of the environment, but also as a means of social identity and symbolic construction of culture. Naturally, these are anthropological dialogues, but at their core, they speak the language of many fields of biology. In order for scholars interested in the evolution of the human diet to integrate work from various disciplines, a collective conversation ...

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Khoisan food plants: taxa with potential for future economic exploitation

Cited by 39 publications

References 6 publications

Local processing and nutritional composition of indigenous fruits: The case of monkey orange (Strychnos spp.) from Southern Africa

Local processing and nutritional composition of indigenous fruits: The case of monkey orange (Strychnos spp.) from Southern Africa

Humanity from African Naissance to Coming Millennia

Current views on hunter‐gatherer nutrition and the evolution of the human diet

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