Kharijites

Sonn, Tamara; Farrar, Adam

doi:10.1093/obo/9780195390155-0047

Cited by 4 publications

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“…Recognized by the World Monuments Fund as a protected site in 1996, the ruins of the city are located along the River Ziz in the Tafilalt oasis of southeastern Morocco, a few kilometers north of the town of Rissani (Figure 1). According to medieval Arabic sources, Sijilmassa was established in 757 CE by Kharijite refugees from the orthodox Islamic mainstream [39] 3 , who sought spiritual relief in the hinterland among Berber groups (Banu Midrar, Miknasa) [40,41] 4 . However, though obscure, the founding history of the city might precede the eighth century by being attributed to a Roman army officer who led his troops from the coast westwards towards Mauritania, up to the borders of the then town of Messa, from which the toponym Sijilmassa is derived [40] 5 .…”

Section: Sijilmassa: a Trade Infrastructure Between Sedentism And Nom...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As they strove to live only among communities that shared their views, they were called "khawarij" by mainstream Islam, which means "seceders". See, for more [39]. 4 An important source for documenting traditions of the founding of Sijilmassa was Al-Bakri in the eleventh century, who was the Cordoba-based archivist of the Ummayyad state; so were, among others, the Arab travelers Ibn Hawkal (based in Nisibis, upper Mesopotamia, tenth century), Ibn 'Idhari (based in Marrakech, late thirteenth century), and Ibn Khaldun (based in Tunis, fourteenth century).…”

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Tracing Trade and Settlement Infrastructures in the Judaic Material Culture of Tafilalt, Southeastern Morocco

Bigon

Langenthal

2022

Heritage

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This article traces the history of the medieval oasis city of Sijilmassa, southeastern Morocco, and that of its modern, continuation city of metropolitan Rissani in the Tafilalt region. Elements of mobility and transition are discussed in light of the prominent historical role of the urban settlement in Tafilalt in long-distance trans-Saharan trade infrastructure. These elements are developed with a focus on the region’s Jewish communities, their socio-spatial characteristics, the employed toponymy with respect to Sijilmassa, and the material culture. Within the material culture of Tafilalt’s Jewry until the 1950s and 1960s (that is, upon their dramatic emigration from Morocco, mostly to Israel), the article analyzes in an original manner their traditional marriage contracts (ketubah-s) as a textual and especially as an esthetic artifact. The analysis interprets the visual imagery that appears in these manuscripts—an imagery that corresponds with global Jewish symbols, with the vernacular architecture in the Tafilalt, and with wider regional, trans-Saharan conceptual motifs. Revealing the composite symbolic imagery and decoding the visual repertoire of the ketubah-s against the rich cultural histories of the pre-Sahara region—with affinity to both northern Morocco and sub-Saharan, “black”, Africa—necessitates an interdisciplinary approach. This study brings together area studies (of the Middle East and Africa), art histories (of architecture and built forms, artifacts, and manuscripts), cultural studies (critical intra-group relations between Arabs, Berbers and Jews), and human geography (forms of settlements and long-distance trade activity)—in a type of meeting that is quite uncommon in the relevant research literature. Its contribution lies in tracing the dissemination of ideas and material cultures among less researched groups (southeastern Jewry) and regions (pre-Saharan) in Morocco, through engaging a transdisciplinary lens that requires an intimate acquaintance with associated research historiographies.

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Section: Sijilmassa: a Trade Infrastructure Between Sedentism And Nom...mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Tracing Trade and Settlement Infrastructures in the Judaic Material Culture of Tafilalt, Southeastern Morocco

Bigon

Langenthal

2022

Heritage

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“…These fighters became famous as the Khawarij and believed that God alone has the right to judge; they suggested that Ali’s agreement to arbitrate was a violation of the divine will and announced that Ali and his supporters were apostates. Their position was that “Muslims who commit grave sins effectively reject their religion, entering the ranks of apostates, and therefore deserve capital punishment” (Sonn & Farrar, 2009).…”

Section: Historical and Ideological Roots Of Takfirmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring Takfir, Its Origins and Contemporary Use: The Case of Takfiri Approach in Daesh’s Media

Kadivar

2020

Contemporary Review of the Middle East

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Muslims have been the primary targets of Daesh’s attacks since 2014 in different countries such as Afghanistan, Iraq, and Syria. These attacks were based on its takfiri ideology. As Daesh official media and documents indicate, kufr (unbelief, infidelity) in Daesh’s approach is not limited to non-Muslims (original disbelievers), but Muslims are the most significant parts of kuffar (unbelievers) in its view and defined as incidental disbelievers. Through studying Daesh’s official documents and various Arabic, English, and Persian media productions, in an explanatory research, this article attempts to display Daesh’s takfiri approach toward Muslims and explains its historical and ideological roots, difference with Al-Qaeda’s takfiri approach, different approaches to takfir inside Daesh, main targets of Daesh’s takfir, and the reasons behinds its takfiri view. This article displays that for Daesh, the Muslims are limited only to Sunni Muslims who are accepting and following its approach. Other Sunni and non-Sunni Muslims are thus kuffar. This study also shows that the assertion of takfir has become a method for Daesh to discredit its opponents, such as Shi’a Muslims and other Muslim groups.

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Communication (un)savviness and the failure of terrorism: a case of Pakistani terrorist organizations

Feyyaz

2019

Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict

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Kharijites

Cited by 4 publications

References 0 publications

Tracing Trade and Settlement Infrastructures in the Judaic Material Culture of Tafilalt, Southeastern Morocco

Tracing Trade and Settlement Infrastructures in the Judaic Material Culture of Tafilalt, Southeastern Morocco

Exploring Takfir, Its Origins and Contemporary Use: The Case of Takfiri Approach in Daesh’s Media

Communication (un)savviness and the failure of terrorism: a case of Pakistani terrorist organizations

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