Keystone Players and Complementors: An Innovation Perspective

Abstract

The purpose of the Working Papers is to disseminate the results of research conducted by CIRANO research members in order to solicit exchanges and comments. These reports are written in the style of scientific publications. The ideas and opinions expressed in these documents are solely those of the authors.Les cahiers de la série scientifique visent à rendre accessibles les résultats des recherches effectuées par des chercheurs membres du CIRANO afin de susciter échanges et commentaires. Ces cahiers sont rédigés dans le style des publications scientifiques et n'engagent que leurs auteurs.CIRANO is a private non-profit organization incorporated under the Quebec Companies Act. Its infrastructure and research activities are funded through fees paid by member organizations, an infrastructure grant from the government of Quebec, and grants and research mandates obtained by its research teams. Le CIRANO est un organisme sans but lucratif constitué en vertu de la Loi des compagnies duQuébec. Le financement de son infrastructure et de ses activités de recherche provient des cotisations de ses organisations-membres, d'une subvention d'infrastructure du gouvernement du Québec, de même que des subventions et mandats obtenus par ses équipes de recherche. CIRANO Partners -Les partenaires du CIRANO Corporate Partners -Partenaires corporatifs Autorité des marchés financiers Bank of Canada Bell Canada BMO Financial Group Business Development Bank of Canada Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec

Artificial intelligence and consumer manipulations: from consumer's counter algorithms to firm's self-regulation tools

“…Indeed, as Ezrachi and Stucke [15] noted, in an age whose economy is data-driven, personal data on user behavior, preferences, weaknesses, and habits are the new currency for advertising and marketing-dependent business models. These capabilities require monitoring massive, diverse and continuously updated data, combined with various analytical tools to help predict other operators' strategies [32,33].…”

Strategies for a Small to Medium-sized Enterprise to Engage in an Existing Ecosystem

“…The keystone's actions influence the success of all ecosystem members (Mäkinen & Dedehayir, 2012). An ecosystem's keystone makes a set of trade-offs favorable to complementors, by 1) attributing the added value to the complementor that generates it, 2) building and structuring complementarities between ecosystem members, 3) stimulating complementarity investments, 4) reducing transaction costs, 5) promoting flexibility, and 6) designing value capture tools for all ecosystem members (Marty & Warin, 2020). Moreover, the number of keystone players in a specific industry has a high impact on an ecosystem's innovation rate, as the industry is likely to obtain a higher innovation rate with multiple keystone players (Marty & Warin, 2020).…”