“…LM is a systematic approach to increasing value-adding activities through process optimization (Womack et al , 1990; Womack and Jones, 2003), thereby driving improvements in cost, quality, productivity, operational performance (Sharma et al , 2016; Ghobadian et al , 2018) and financial performance (Saurin et al , 2020), boosting competitiveness (Afonso et al , 2021; Ciccarelli et al , 2022) and ensuring long-term business sustainability (Saurin et al , 2020). Furthermore, many studies recommend the use of I4.0 technologies as a management intervention for dealing with the current difficult business environment (Shahin et al , 2020; Kapoor et al , 2021; Chavez et al , 2022; Gadekar et al , 2022; Sartal et al , 2022). These technologies can help companies, through the technological transformation known as factory digitization (Modica and Foschini, 2023), achieve enhanced, efficient and more varied throughput of current mass production lines (Cohen et al , 2019), smooth the information flow, coordinate better within the supply chain (Raj and Jeyaraj, 2023), be more responsive to customers (Khin and Kee, 2022) and improve their financial performance, sustainability (Raj and Jeyaraj, 2023) and competitiveness (Modica and Foschini, 2023).…”