Key Management for Beyond 5G Mobile Small Cells: A Survey

Ree, Marcus de; Μαντάς, Γεώργιος; Radwan, Ayman; Mumtaz, Shahid; Rodrı́guez, Jonathan; Otung, Ifiok

doi:10.1109/access.2019.2914359

Cited by 80 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 194 publications

(259 reference statements)

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“…Fig. 3 presents the proposed sidechain-based authentication model in a smart community, which is composed of a public blockchain as a mainchain and private blockchains as side blockchains [25], [26]. To illustrate the model, we use two smart home cases to represent the IoT smart systems.…”

Section: Related Solutionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Sidechain-Based Decentralized Authentication Scheme via Optimized Two-Way Peg Protocol for Smart Community

Tang

Refaey

et al. 2020

IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc.

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In this work, we propose a novel sidechain structure via an optimized two-way peg protocol for device authentication in the smart community in order to overcome the limitations of existing approaches. The proposed scheme uses private side blockchains to distribute and manage the local registration and authentication processes, in addition to a local mainchain block to circulate the information record with other smart systems. More importantly, we propose the optimized two-way peg protocol in the proposed sidechain system in order to prevent the worthless information injection attack during the authentication information sharing procedure between the main chain and side blockchains. The optimized two-way peg protocol supervises the availability of the required information by dynamically evaluating the trustworthiness of each smart device. The evaluation is based on numerous criteria, such as the authentication method, previous authentication information sharing history, and local authentication results. Consequently, the simulation results prove the superiority of the proposed scheme in terms of reducing authentication time, improving information management efficiency and decreasing storage consumption as compared to existing works, and the applicability and feasibility of the optimized two-way peg protocol have been approved. It is noteworthy that the proposed sidechain-based method shows its superiority in reducing the cost of authentication time compared with the blockchain-based method when using blockchain structure. The reflected savings are 33.33%, 34.29%, and 36.36% when in comparison to the conventional authentication process without applying any additional method, the authentication process using the proposed sidechain based method, and the authentication process using the blockchain based method, respectively.

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Section: Related Solutionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Sidechain-Based Decentralized Authentication Scheme via Optimized Two-Way Peg Protocol for Smart Community

Tang

Refaey

et al. 2020

IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc.

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“…In such a vivid environment, the security challenges also manifolds. Any security scheme to address a mobile small cell environment has to meet some additional requirements other than the security concern [36].…”

Section: Requirements Of Integrity Scheme In 5g Enivromentmentioning

confidence: 99%

On Security Against Pollution Attacks in Network Coding Enabled 5G Networks

2020

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Future communication networks need to harness the available spectrum more efficiently to cater the requirements of the ever-increasing digital devices. Higher data rate with low latency is a major requirement of future communication networks. Network coding is arising once more as an enabler for satisfying the bandwidth requirements of future multimedia and resource hungry services. However, network coding techniques suffer from security vulnerabilities that will eliminate any bandwidth profits. Specific attacks in network coding like pollution attacks are extremely dangerous due to the nature of encoding and spreading inside the whole network. They deteriorate the bandwidth efficiency and even disrupt proper decoding of any message at the receiving end. Further, in a wireless environment, the authenticity of intermediate nodes is not easy to ensure, making it easier for an attacker to be part of the network. Thus counteracting pollution attacks in network coding becomes very important for practical applications of network coding enabled networks in the future generations of mobile communication. There has been a lot of research interest in this direction resulting in a few interesting approaches for secure network coding. However, most of the schemes fail to meet the expected standards or incur high overheads to the system. Schemes addressing the dense heterogeneous networks efficiently are yet to be proposed. This study surveys the security vulnerabilities of network coding, particularly those imposed by pollution attacks, as well as, the corresponding countermeasures. The survey goes a step further and includes a potential secure implementation of network coding enabled 5G networks, based on cooperating small cells. INDEX TERMS 5G mobile communication, cryptography, network coding, network security.

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“…In recent works, it has indeed been shown multiple times that heterogeneous networks (HetNets) can deliver more bandwidth-efficient communication by deploying lowpower BSs called small-cells, i.e., mainly picocells and femtocells, commonly underlaid over a macrocell [2][3][4]. The concept of small-cells first emerged because of low coverage areas in cellular networks, e.g., basement parking, cell-edge areas, and elevators.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Walsh–Hadamard Transform Based Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) and Interference Rejection Combining in Next-Generation HetNets

Usman

Shin

et al. 2021

Mathematics

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In heterogeneous networks (HetNets), non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) has recently been proposed for hybrid-access small-cells, promising a manifold network capacity compared to OMA. One of the major issues with the installation of a hybrid-access mechanism in small-cells is the cross-tier interference (intercell interference (ICI)) caused by the macrocell users (MUs) that are unable to establish a connection to the small-cell base station (SBS). In this paper, a joint strategy is proposed for hybrid-access small-cells using the Walsh–Hadamard transform (WHT) with NOMA and interference rejection combining (IRC) to achieve high performance gains and mitigate intercell interference (ICI), respectively. WHT is applied mathematically as an orthogonal variable spreading factor (OVSF) to achieve diversity in communication systems. When applied jointly with NOMA, it ensures better performance gains than the conventional NOMA. It reduces the bit error rate (BER) and enhances subsequent throughput performance of the system. IRC is used at the receiver side for managing the cross-tier interference caused by MUs that are unable to connect to the small-cell base station (SBS) for hybrid-access. The work considers both ideal and nonideal successive interference cancellation (SIC) conditions for NOMA. Mathematical modeling is provided for the proposed joint strategy for HetNets and the results validate it in terms of BER and subsequent user throughput performance, compared to the conventional NOMA approach.

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Key Management for Beyond 5G Mobile Small Cells: A Survey

Cited by 80 publications

References 194 publications

A Sidechain-Based Decentralized Authentication Scheme via Optimized Two-Way Peg Protocol for Smart Community

A Sidechain-Based Decentralized Authentication Scheme via Optimized Two-Way Peg Protocol for Smart Community

On Security Against Pollution Attacks in Network Coding Enabled 5G Networks

Walsh–Hadamard Transform Based Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) and Interference Rejection Combining in Next-Generation HetNets

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