Key issues in life cycle assessment of electric vehicles &amp;#x2014; Findings in the International Energy Agency (IEA) on Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (HEV)

Jungmeier, Gerfried; Dunn, Jennifer B.; Elgowainy, Amgad; Ozdemır, Enver; Ehrenberger, Simone; Althaus, Hans‐Jörg; Widmer, Rolf

doi:10.1109/evs.2013.6914862

Cited by 8 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Relying on similar viewpoints and homogenous data sets is important both for policy makers, using mainly WTW methodology, and for the scientific community, who are more focused on LCA methodology (Jungmeier et al 2014). The authors hope this paper can help reduce the gap between the WTW and LCA approaches, stimulating the debate and contributing to the creation of a consistent and modular WTW-LCA data set.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new hybrid method for reducing the gap between WTW and LCA in the carbon footprint assessment of electric vehicles

Moro

Helmers

2015

Int J Life Cycle Assess

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Purpose The well-to-wheel (WTW) methodology is widely used for policy support in road transport. It can be seen as a simplified life cycle assessment (LCA) that focuses on the energy consumption and CO 2 emissions only for the fuel being consumed, ignoring other stages of a vehicle's life cycle. WTW results are therefore different from LCA results. In order to close this gap, the authors propose a hybrid WTW+ LCA methodology useful to assess the greenhouse gas (GHG) profiles of road vehicles. Methods The proposed method (hybrid WTW+LCA) keeps the main hypotheses of the WTW methodology, but integrates them with LCA data restricted to the global warming potential (GWP) occurring during the manufacturing of the battery pack. WTW data are used for the GHG intensity of the EU electric mix, after a consistency check with the main life cycle impact (LCI) sources available in literature. Results and discussion A numerical example is provided, comparing GHG emissions due to the use of a battery electric vehicle (BEV) with emissions from an internal combustion engine vehicle. This comparison is done both according to the WTW approach (namely the JEC WTW version 4) and the proposed hybrid WTW+LCA method. The GHG savings due to the use of BEVs calculated with the WTW-4 range between 44 and 56 %, while according to the hybrid method the savings are lower (31-46 %). This difference is due to the GWP which arises as a result of the manufacturing of the battery pack for the electric vehicles. Conclusions The WTW methodology used in policy support to quantify energy content and GHG emissions of fuels and powertrains can produce results closer to the LCA methodology by adopting a hybrid WTW+LCA approach. While evaluating GHG savings due to the use of BEVs, it is important that this method considers the GWP due to the manufacturing of the battery pack.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new hybrid method for reducing the gap between WTW and LCA in the carbon footprint assessment of electric vehicles

Moro

Helmers

2015

Int J Life Cycle Assess

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“…The E-TRNDP refers to the determination of public transport routes operated by battery electric buses which recharge using fast chargers placed at terminals and bus stops. Such systems are typically referred to as opportunity charging electric bus systems as they exploit overhead fast chargers which allow vehicles the option of charging “en route” ( 9 , 21 , 27 ). This configuration uses lower capacity battery packs, which are lighter and less expensive than those used in standard (overnight) charging and takes advantage of layover and dwell times for recharging ( 9 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…So far, range limitations, battery charging duration, the dependency on the electric grid, and the lack of supporting electromobility infrastructure have hindered the introduction of electric vehicles in public transportation systems ( 6 , 8 ). Nevertheless, recent studies reveal that more than 40% of public transport operators in Europe will be willing to adopt electric buses in the coming years, while several related implementation projects are already under way ( 5 , 9 ).…”

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confidence: 99%

Electric Transit Route Network Design Problem: Model and Application

Iliopoulou

Tassopoulos

Κεπαπτσόγλου

et al. 2019

Transportation Research Record

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Electric buses have long been recognized as a promising direction for offering sustainable public transportation services. While range and battery performance constraints have hindered the widespread adoption of electric buses in the past, technological advances make them a prominent and attractive option for public transportation in the future. Still, operational constraints and the need for additional (charging) infrastructure highlight the need for introducing appropriate decision-making tools, tailor-made for supporting the design of transit networks operated by electric buses. This paper focuses on developing and testing a comprehensive route design model for the case of a transit network, operated exclusively by an electric bus fleet (Electric Transit Route Network Design Problem—E-TRNDP). The model is formulated as a bi-level optimization problem, which attempts to jointly design efficient transit routes and locate required charging infrastructure. A multi-objective, particle swarm optimization algorithm, coupled with a mixed linear—integer programming model is used to solve the model. An existing benchmark network is used as a test-bed for the proposed model and solution process; results illustrate that the proposed model and solution method yield realistic design outcomes in an acceptable time frame.

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“…Generally, the charging process for EVs is done through the power grid. Effects of this process on these electrical networks are subject of analysis in the scientific community [16] [17] [18]. The battery technology and its cost are the major impediment to the massive use of EVs in our society.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Survey on Technologies to Implement Battery Emulators based on DC/DC Power Converters

Rubén¹,

Gonzalo²,

Pablo³

et al. 2016

Proceedings of the 14th LACCEI International Multi-Conference for Engineering, Education, and Technology: “Engineering Innovati

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Currently, many researchers from industry and academic institutions are working on the study of electric vehicles, battery systems and renewable energy sources (solar, wind, geothermal, etc.). In order to carry out research on each of these technologies it is required large capital investment for equipment. Additionally, problems must be faced such as variability of environmental parameters, large space requirements, pollution (in some cases), etc. The use of software and hardware to emulate different types of actual batteries shows to be a low-cost and environmentally friendly option due to some of its features. The battery emulator system has the ability to replicate the behavior of any kind of actual battery using a virtual battery model (also known as battery electric model) and a controllable DC/DC power converter to be used in laboratory environments. Moreover, emulators are not only used for batteries, these can be used to emulate fuel cells, photovoltaic systems, wind generators, thermoelectric generator, etc. This survey aims to present the technologies to implement battery emulators based on DC/DC power converters. This survey is split up into five sections. In the first section, as an introduction, we present the advantages offered by the use of battery emulators to the scientific community and the environment. The second section presents a review about batteries (technologies, models, model parameters, etc.) and also it includes the virtual battery models, which are the main components of battery emulators based on DC/DC power converters. In the third section, we present the main DC/DC power converter types used in these systems and their operation modes. Additionally, in section 4 are presented some case studies where different topologies battery emulators based on DC/DC power converters with battery model are analyzed. These topologies are focused on their use in electric vehicles (EV).Digital Object Identifier (DOI):http://dx. first section, as an introduction, we present the advantages offered by the use of battery emulators to the scientific community and the environment. The second section presents a review about batteries (technologies, models, model parameters, etc.) Abstract-Currently, many researchers from industry and academic institutions are working on the study of electric vehicles, battery systems and renewable energy sources (solar, wind, geothermal, etc.). In order to carry out research on each of these technologies it is required large capital investment for equipment. Additionally, problems must be faced such as variability of environmental parameters, large space requirements, pollution (in some cases), etc. The use of software and hardware to emulate different types of actual batteries shows to be a low-cost and environmentally friendly option due to some of its features. The battery emulator system has the ability to replicate the behavior of any kind of actual battery using a virtual battery model (also known as battery electric model) and a controllable DC/DC power converte...

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Key issues in life cycle assessment of electric vehicles — Findings in the International Energy Agency (IEA) on Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (HEV)

Cited by 8 publications

References 2 publications

A new hybrid method for reducing the gap between WTW and LCA in the carbon footprint assessment of electric vehicles

A new hybrid method for reducing the gap between WTW and LCA in the carbon footprint assessment of electric vehicles

Electric Transit Route Network Design Problem: Model and Application

A Survey on Technologies to Implement Battery Emulators based on DC/DC Power Converters

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