“…130 years since Tethys Geology was first proposed, geologists have studied it extensively (Gregory, 1915;Şengör, 1981). Although there still exists controversies in many aspects, geologists have made great progress in both tectonic evolution and metallogenic processes (Jenkyns, 1980;Li, Cui, et al, 2023;Metcalfe, 2021;Şengör, 1990). In the Eastern Tethyan Realm in particular, detailed geological mapping of the Tethyan domain (Jin & Xiao, 2017;Pan et al, 2012;Yin, 2010) aided in reconstructing the geodynamic mechanism of the Wilson cycle in which the Tethys oceans opened and closed many times (Yin, 2006;Zhu et al, 2022), elucidated multiple stages of evolution of Tethyan oceans (Liu et al, 2022;Metcalfe, 2021), characterized the metallogenic processes during oceanic plate subduction and continental collision (Deng et al, 2022;Hou & Zhang, 2015;Tang et al, 2019;Zou et al, 2022), and made many important advances in the environmental changes, life evolution, geomorphology and climate of the Phanerozoic Earth (Ding et al, 2022;Wu et al, 2020;Zhang et al, 2022).…”