Key features of the IPSL ocean atmosphere model and its sensitivity to atmospheric resolution

Marti, Olivier; Braconnot, Pascale; Dufresne, Jean‐Louis; Bellier, Jacques; Benshila, Rachid; Bony, Sandrine; Brockmann, Patrick; Cadule, Patricia; Caubel, Arnaud; Codron, Francis; Noblet, Nathalie de; Denvil, Sébastien; Fairhead, Laurent; Fichefet, Thierry; Foujols, Marie-Alice; Friedlingstein, Pierre; Goosse, Hugues; Grandpeix, Jean‐Yves; Guilyardi, Éric; Hourdin, F.; Idelkadi, Abderrahmane; Kageyama, Masa; Krinner, Gerhard; Lévy, Claire; Madec, Gurvan; Mignot, Juliette; Musat, Ionela; Swingedouw, Didier; Talandier, Claude

doi:10.1007/s00382-009-0640-6

Cited by 257 publications

(241 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…The land-use used is fixed at its present day value for all simulations. The forcing that we have used for our experiments in terms of climate results from two coupled ocean atmosphere climate experiments using the IPSL_CM4 model [Marti et al, 2010]. The atmosphere component of this coupled model is LMDZ.3.3 [Hourdin et al, 2006], with a resolution of 96 × 72 × 19 points in longitude × latitude × altitude.…”

Section: Methods and Model Descriptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To our knowledge, this is the first time that this method is applied to comprehensively analyze the causes of the global runoff evolution for this period. In the first simulation, the ORCHIDEE land surface model [Krinner et al, 2005] is forced with the observed 20th century CO 2 evolution and 21st century IPCC A2 CO 2 scenario and by the corresponding climate evolution simulated by the IPSL coupled ocean atmosphere model [ Marti et al, 2010]. We first validate the results using data from the 20th century, then we attribute the runoff trend over 20th and 21st centuries and analyze the differences between these two periods.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Relative contributions of climate change, stomatal closure, and leaf area index changes to 20th and 21st century runoff change: A modelling approach using the Organizing Carbon and Hydrology in Dynamic Ecosystems (ORCHIDEE) land surface model

Alkama¹,

Kageyama²,

Ramstein³

2010

J. Geophys. Res.

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[1] The recent evolution of continental runoff is still an open question. A related and controversial question is the attribution of this change and its consequences on our predictions of the behavior of future runoff. Here, the Land Surface Model Organizing Carbon and Hydrology in Dynamic Ecosystems is used to perform a set of transient simulations of the runoff from 1900 to 2100. We first show that the model's simulated runoff increases for the 20th century from a global point of view as well as its geographical pattern changes are close to the observations made in this paper. Moreover this trend is simulated to increase further during the 21st century under the SRES A2 scenario. We have designed a set of simulations to test the impact on global runoff evolution of three factors: climate, stomatal conductance, and vegetation growth, all sensitive to CO 2 increase. A complete factor-separation analysis of the influence of these three factors and of their interactions shows that climate change largely drives the 20th and 21st century runoff increase. The other two factors (stomatal conductance and vegetation growth) play a minor role in the 20th century runoff trend but we show that these contributions increase for the 21st century simulations. Although the interactions between the factors also plays a negligible role in the 20th century global runoff increase, our results show that they become significant during the 21st century, usually reducing the direct effect of each factor. However, our study does not reveal any important negative feedback to counteract the effect of climate warming on the hydrological cycle.Citation: Alkama, R., M. Kageyama, and G. Ramstein (2010), Relative contributions of climate change, stomatal closure, and leaf area index changes to 20th and 21st century runoff change: A modelling approach using the Organizing Carbon and Hydrology in Dynamic Ecosystems (ORCHIDEE) land surface model,

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Section: Methods and Model Descriptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relative contributions of climate change, stomatal closure, and leaf area index changes to 20th and 21st century runoff change: A modelling approach using the Organizing Carbon and Hydrology in Dynamic Ecosystems (ORCHIDEE) land surface model

Alkama¹,

Kageyama²,

Ramstein³

2010

J. Geophys. Res.

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“…The mean oceanic state has been described in Marti et al (2010) in a version using slightly different resolutions and parameters, and in Escudier et al (2013) for the present IPSL-CM5A-LR version. The Gulf Stream is too broad because of the coarse horizontal resolution and its position is too equatorward because of the bias in the zonal wind stress (see Fig.…”

Section: B Coupled Model Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms Determining the Winter Atmospheric Response to the Atlantic Overturning Circulation

et al. 2016

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In climate models, an intensification of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) precedes a warming in the North Atlantic subpolar basin by a few years. In the IPSL-CM5A-LR model, this warming may explain the atmospheric response to the AMOC observed in winter, which resembles a negative phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). To firmly establish the causality links between the ocean and the atmosphere and illustrate the underlying mechanisms in this model, ensembles of atmosphere-only simulations are conducted, prescribing the SST and sea ice anomalies that follow an AMOC intensification. In late winter, the North Atlantic SST and sea ice anomalies drive atmospheric circulation anomalies similar to those found in the coupled model. Simulations only driven by the SST anomalies related to the AMOC show that the largest oceanic influence is due to the warm subpolar SST anomaly, which enhances the oceanic heat release and decreases the lower-tropospheric baroclinicity in the region of maximum eddy growth, resulting in a weaker meridional eddy heat flux in the atmosphere. The transient eddy feedback leads to a negative NAO-like response. An AMOC intensification is also followed by less sea ice over the Labrador Sea and more sea ice over the Nordic seas. The simulations with full boundary forcing suggest that such anomalies act to strengthen both the poleward momentum flux and the upward heat flux into the polar stratosphere and lead to a stratospheric warming, which then reinforces the negative NAO signal in late winter.

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“…The sea-ice component is LIM2 (Louvain Ice Model, Fichefet and Morales-Maqueda 1997), which resolves three layers (one for snow and two others for seaice) and accounts for sea-ice dynamics. The model is described in more detail in Marti et al (2010), but this version includes the marine carbon cycle model PISCES (detailed below). The IPSLCM4 is a fully coupled climate and carbon cycle model (Cadule et al 2010).…”

Section: Ipsl-cm4-loopmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This biogeochemical model further includes a representation of the iron cycle and limitation by multiple nutrients (Aumont 2003;Schneider et al 2008). Additionally, in the three selected Earth System Models, each of the ocean circulation models is based on the same code, although versions differ as to resolution and subgrid-scale physics (Madec 2008a, b;Marti et al 2010;Voldoire et al 2012;Dufresne et al 2012). The largest differences in simulated ocean circulation fields probably stem from each ocean model being coupled to a different atmospheric model.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Skill assessment of three earth system models with common marine biogeochemistry

et al. 2012

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We have assessed the ability of a common ocean biogeochemical model, PISCES, to match relevant modern data fields across a range of ocean circulation fields from three distinct Earth system models: IPSL-CM4-LOOP, IPSL-CM5A-LR and CNRM-CM5.1. The first of these Earth system models has contributed to the IPCC 4th assessment report, while the latter two are contributing to the ongoing IPCC 5th assessment report. These models differ with respect to their atmospheric component, ocean subgrid-scale physics and resolution. The simulated vertical distribution of biogeochemical tracers suffer from biases in ocean circulation and a poor representation of the sinking fluxes of matter. Nevertheless, differences between upper and deep ocean model skills significantly point to changes in the underlying model representations of ocean circulation. IPSL-CM5A-LR and CNRM-CM5.1 poorly represent deep-ocean circulation compared to IPSL-CM4-LOOP degrading the vertical distribution of biogeochemical tracers. However, their representations of surface wind, wind stress, mixed-layer depth and geostrophic circulations (e.g., Antarctic Circumpolar Current) have been improved compared to IPSL-CM4-LOOP. These improvements result in a better representation of large-scale structure of biogeochemical fields in the upper ocean. In particular, a deepening of 20-40 m of the summer mixed-layer depth allows to capture the 0-0.5 lgChl L -1 concentrations class of surface chlorophyll in the Southern Ocean. Further improvements in the representation of the ocean mixedlayer and deep-ocean ventilation are needed for the next generations of models development to better simulate marine biogeochemistry. In order to better constrain ocean dynamics, we suggest that biogeochemical or passive tracer modules should be used routinely for both model development and model intercomparisons.

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Key features of the IPSL ocean atmosphere model and its sensitivity to atmospheric resolution

Cited by 257 publications

References 77 publications

Relative contributions of climate change, stomatal closure, and leaf area index changes to 20th and 21st century runoff change: A modelling approach using the Organizing Carbon and Hydrology in Dynamic Ecosystems (ORCHIDEE) land surface model

Relative contributions of climate change, stomatal closure, and leaf area index changes to 20th and 21st century runoff change: A modelling approach using the Organizing Carbon and Hydrology in Dynamic Ecosystems (ORCHIDEE) land surface model

Mechanisms Determining the Winter Atmospheric Response to the Atlantic Overturning Circulation

Skill assessment of three earth system models with common marine biogeochemistry

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