Key factors involved in obesity development

Abstract

Obesity has been considered to be a chronic disease that requires medical prevention and treatment. Intriguingly, many factors, including adipose tissue dysfunction, mitochondrial dysfunction, alterations in the muscle fiber phenotype and in the gut microbiota composition, have been identified to be involved in the development of obesity and its associated metabolic disorders (in particular type 2 diabetes mellitus). In this narrative review, we will discuss our current understanding of the relationships of these factors and obesity development, and provide a summary of potential treatments to manage obesity. Level of Evidence Level V, narrative review.

Effect of supplementing chromium histidinate and picolinate complexes along with biotin on insulin sensitivity and related metabolic indices in rats fed a high‐fat diet

“…Feeding a high‐fat diet (HFD) to experimental animals exerts a number of adverse metabolic alterations including hypertriglyceridemia, hyperinsulinemia, and glucose intolerance (Buchanan, Youn, Campese, & Sipos, ; Nascimento et al., ). A link between obesity, dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance, and hypertension has been proved, while insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia have been implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple atherogenic risk factors (Slawson, Fitzgerald, & Morgan, ; Wang, Yuan, Duan, Li, & Hou, ). Hypertension and obesity as continuing challenges to public health efforts are major risk factors for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.…”

Gut microbiota mediates the protective effects of dietary β‐hydroxy‐β‐methylbutyrate (HMB) against obesity induced by high‐fat diets

“…In recent years, there has been a growing focus on the gut microbiota for the treatment of obesity (38,39). Accumulating evidence from animal and human models strongly supports a relationship between the gut microbiome and development of an obese phenotype.…”

Does probiotic supplementation aid weight loss? A randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled study with Bifidobacterium lactis BS01 and Lactobacillus acidophilus LA02 supplementation

“…Gut microbiota plays a crucial role in human metabolism, allowing for digesting some of the polysaccharides, amino acids, and xenobiotics, allowing for the biosynthesis of vitamins and isoprenoids [1], and for modifying mineral absorption from food [2,3]. Changes in gut microbiota are linked to obesity and metabolical diseases [4][5][6][7]. Microbiota also plays a major role in the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes by triggering low-grade inflammation [8].…”

“…Microbiota also plays a major role in the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes by triggering low-grade inflammation [8]. There is strong evidence indicating that consumption of diets rich in saturated fat leads to increased bacterial production of pro-inflammatory lipopolysaccharide as well as gut permeability, which triggers systemic inflammation [6,7,9]. Data show that microbiota might be an environmental factor that plays a role in regulating fat storage.…”