Key Ecological Roles for Zoosporic True Fungi in Aquatic Habitats

Gleason, Frank H.; Scholz, Bettina; Jephcott, Thomas G.; Ogtrop, Floris F. van; Henderson, Linda; Lilje, Osu; Kittelmann, Sandra; Macarthur, Deborah J.

doi:10.1128/9781555819583.ch18

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Thus, either Fungi originated in continental water bodies, or we are missing key marine lineages. The early‐branching lineages Aphelida, Rozellida and Chytridiomycota seem to show high diversity in marine environments, based on environmental studies (Richards et al, ; Gleason et al, ; Tedersoo et al, ), and some highly diverse marine chytrid lineages seem to be among the earliest to diverge, suggesting that we might be close to finding a missing link (Nagahama et al, ; Richards et al, ; Seto, Kagami & Degawa, ). Nevertheless, caution is required, as chytrid phylogeny and its positioning within the fungal tree of life remains poorly resolved.…”

Section: In the Beginning: Early Fungal Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 69%

Fungal evolution: major ecological adaptations and evolutionary transitions

2019

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Fungi are a highly diverse group of heterotrophic eukaryotes characterized by the absence of phagotrophy and the presence of a chitinous cell wall. While unicellular fungi are far from rare, part of the evolutionary success of the group resides in their ability to grow indefinitely as a cylindrical multinucleated cell (hypha). Armed with these morphological traits and with an extremely high metabolical diversity, fungi have conquered numerous ecological niches and have shaped a whole world of interactions with other living organisms. Herein we survey the main evolutionary and ecological processes that have guided fungal diversity. We will first review the ecology and evolution of the zoosporic lineages and the process of terrestrialization, as one of the major evolutionary transitions in this kingdom. Several plausible scenarios have been proposed for fungal terrestralization and we here propose a new scenario, which considers icy environments as a transitory niche between water and emerged land. We then focus on exploring the main ecological relationships of Fungi with other organisms (other fungi, protozoans, animals and plants), as well as the origin of adaptations to certain specialized ecological niches within the group (lichens, black fungi and yeasts). Throughout this review we use an evolutionary and comparative-genomics perspective to understand fungal ecological diversity. Finally, we highlight the importance of genome-enabled inferences to envision plausible narratives and scenarios for important transitions.

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Section: In the Beginning: Early Fungal Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 69%

Fungal evolution: major ecological adaptations and evolutionary transitions

2019

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“…Characteristics of this phylum include a motility apparatus (zoospore) [ 34 ], and the ability to adapt to freshwater environments [ 35 ]. In addition, most species are saprophytic [ 36 ] or parasitic [ 37 ]. We confirmed the existence of Chytridiomycota in the Is.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Jangdo as maritime wetlands under conservation. Chytridiomycota, in particular, is adapted for survival in harsh conditions, such as extreme pH [ 37 ]. Emergence of such zoosporic true fungi also seems to reflects the maritime wetland status of the Is.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fungal Clusters and Their Uniqueness in Geographically Segregated Wetlands: A Step Forward to Marsh Conservation for a Wealth of Future Fungal Resources

Park¹,

Hong

Lee

et al. 2020

Mycobiology

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Here, we investigated fungal microbiota in the understory root layer of representative wellconserved geographically segregated natural wetlands in the Korean Peninsula. We obtained 574,143 quality fungal sequences in total from soil samples in three wetlands, which were classified into 563 operational taxonomic units (OTU), 5 phyla, 84 genera. Soil texture, total nitrogen, organic carbon, pH, and electrical conductivity of soil were variable between geographical sites. We found significant differences in fungal phyla distribution and ratio, as well as genera variation and richness between the wetlands. Diversity was greater in the Jangdo islands wetland than in the other sites (Chao richness/Shannon/Simpson's for wetland of the Jangdo islands: 283/6.45/0.97 > wetland of the Mt. Gariwang primeval forest: 169/1.17/0.22 > wetland of the Hanbando geology: 145/4.85/0.91), and this variance corresponded to the confirmed number of fungal genera or OTUs (wetlands of Jangdo islands: 42/283 > of Mt. Gariwang primeval forest: 32/169 > of the Hanbando geology: 25/145). To assess the uniqueness of the understory root layer fungus taxa, we analyzed fungal genera distribution. We found that the percentage of fungal genera common to two or three wetland sites was relatively low at 32.3%, while fungal genera unique to each wetland site was 67.7% of the total number of identified fungal species. The Jangdo island wetland had higher fungal diversity than did the other sites and showed the highest level of uniqueness among fungal genera (Is. Jangdo wetland: 34.5% > wetland of Mt. Gariwang primeval forest: 28.6% > wetland of the Hanbando geology: 16.7%).

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“…R. rosea can be found worldwide in agricultural soils and is especially easy to isolate from soil extract after rain (Willoughby 2001 ; Marano et al 2011 ). Most chytrid research up until now has focused on studies of interactions with hosts and substrates and on the ecology and morphology of these early-lineage fungi (Stanier 1942 ; Chambers and Willoughby 1964 ; Willoughby 2001 ; Marano et al 2011 ; Chang et al 2015 ; Gleason et al 2017 ). The majority of fungal carbohydrate-active enzymes described and used at present come from Ascomycota , Basidiomycota , and Zygomycota species (Zhao et al 2013 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification and characterization of GH11 xylanase and GH43 xylosidase from the chytridiomycetous fungus, Rhizophlyctis rosea

Huang

Zheng

Pilgaard

et al. 2018

Appl Microbiol Biotechnol

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The early-lineage, aerobic, zoosporic fungi from the Chytridiomycota constitute less than 1% of the described fungi and can use diverse sources of nutrition from plant or animal products. One of the ancestral sources of fungal nutrition could be products following enzymatic degradation of plant material. However, carbohydrate-active enzymes from these ancient fungi have been less studied. A GH11 xylanase (RrXyn11A) (EC 3.2.1.8) and a GH43 xylosidase (RrXyl43A) (EC 3.2.1.37) were identified from an early-lineage aerobic zoosporic fungus, Rhizophlyctis rosea NBRC 105426. Both genes were heterologously expressed in Pichia pastoris and the recombinant enzymes were purified and characterized. The optimal pH for recombinant RrXyn11A and RrXyl43A was pH 7. RrXyn11A had high stability over a wide range of pH (4–8) and temperature (25–70 °C). RrXyn11A also showed high substrate specificity on both azurine-cross-linked (AZCL) arabinoxylan and AZCL xylan. RrXyl43A had β-xylosidase and minor α- l -arabinofuranosidase activity. This enzyme showed low product inhibition and retained 51% activity in the presence of 100 mM xylose. A combination of RrXyn11A and RrXyl43A exhibited significantly higher hydrolytic and polymer degradation capability and xylose release on wheat bran and beechwood xylan compared to treatment with commercial enzymes. This study was the first to heterologously express and characterize the GH11 xylanase (RrXyn11A) and GH43 xylosidase (RrXyl43A) from the ancient fungus, R. rosea . Meanwhile, this study also demonstrated that the enzymes from the ancient fungus R. rosea can be easily handled and heterologously expressed in Pichia , which presents a promising path to a new source of enzymes for biomass degradation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00253-018-9431-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Key Ecological Roles for Zoosporic True Fungi in Aquatic Habitats

Cited by 5 publications

References 153 publications

Fungal evolution: major ecological adaptations and evolutionary transitions

Fungal evolution: major ecological adaptations and evolutionary transitions

Fungal Clusters and Their Uniqueness in Geographically Segregated Wetlands: A Step Forward to Marsh Conservation for a Wealth of Future Fungal Resources

Identification and characterization of GH11 xylanase and GH43 xylosidase from the chytridiomycetous fungus, Rhizophlyctis rosea

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