Key components for Carnot Battery: Technology review, technical barriers and selection criteria

Liang, Ting; Vecchi, Andrea; Knobloch, Kai; Sciacovelli, Adriano; Engelbrecht, Kurt; Li, Yongliang; Ding, Yulong

doi:10.1016/j.rser.2022.112478

Cited by 67 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 163 publications

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“…There have been very few studies focusing on cryogenic pumps for LAES, which may be due to the minor effect of cryogenic pump efficiency on the RTE of LAES systems. The isentropic efficiency of the cryogenic pumps is often set at 0.75 or 0.7 in most thermodynamics studies [33,43,100]. The changes in the efficiency do not affect much the LAES performance.…”

Section: Cryogenic Pumpsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Liquid air energy storage technology: a comprehensive review of research, development and deployment

Liang

Zhang²,

Lin³

et al. 2023

Prog. Energy

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Liquid air energy storage (LAES) uses air as both the storage medium and working fluid, it falls into the broad category of thermo-mechanical energy storage technologies. Such a technology offers several advantages including high energy density and scalability, cost-competitiveness and non-geographical constraints, and hence has attracted a growing interest in recent years. As a result, several reviews have been published on the topic. However, these reviews covered little in the following aspects of LAES: dynamic simulation and optimisation, key components for LAES, LAES applications through integration, and unified economic model and cost models for LAES. This article provides a comprehensive review on the LAES technology and fills the above gaps. Apart from applications in electrical grids such as peak-shaving, load shifting, and dealing with intermittency of renewable generation, the review also shows a diverse range of other LAES applications through integration, including waste heat and cold energy recovery and utilisation, multi-energy-vector service provision, and sector coupling for chemical production and carbon capture. The review also led to the recommendation of several areas of LAES for future research and development, including dynamic characteristics of whole LAES system integrated with renewables and end users; thermo-economic and dynamic optimization of stand-alone LAES and integrated systems; and experimental study on commercial systems.

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Section: Cryogenic Pumpsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Static modelling of LAES systems includes mainly the energy and exergy analyses. The energy analysis is based on the first law of thermodynamics for maximising the thermal efficiency [33,34]. The exergy analysis uses the second law of thermodynamics for reducing irreversibilities [35,36].…”

Section: Laes System-scale Modelling 331 Static Modellingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquid air energy storage technology: a comprehensive review of research, development and deployment

Liang

Zhang²,

Lin³

et al. 2023

Prog. Energy

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“…In particular, the current study uses the cost estimation method developed by Liu et al (2021) [21] for TES costs, and readers are referred to the source material for the methodology and important equations. Cost information on other components, such as the resistive heater and sCO2 power block, have been sourced form [27,32,33] and are summarized in Equations ( 5) and (6). 𝐶𝑜 = 75,000 * 𝑃 .…”

Section: Economic Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and Evaluation of a High Temperature Phase Change Material Carnot Battery

Jacob

Liu

2022

Energies

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In the current study, a high temperature thermal storage system with a hybrid of phase change material and graphite as the storage materials is designed and evaluated as to its applicability for use as a utility-scale Carnot battery. The design includes an externally heated liquid sodium tank, which is used as the heat transfer fluid. This is used to charge and discharge the storage system consisting of a graphite storage medium sandwiched by two phase change materials. Finally, electrical generation is by way of a supercritical carbon dioxide Brayton cycle operated at 700 °C. Detailed modelling of these designs was conducted by way of a previously validated numerical model to predict performance metrics. Using the aforementioned designs, a preliminary cost estimate was undertaken to better determine applicability. From these results, it was found that while the graphite system was the most effective at storing energy, it was also the highest cost due to the high cost of graphite. In total, 18 storage tanks containing nearly 17,400 tons of storage material were required to store the 1200 MWht required to run the sCO2 power block for 10 h. Under the study conditions, the cost of a PCM-based Carnot battery was estimated to be $476/kWhe, comparable to other storage technologies. Furthermore, it was found that if the cost of the graphite and/or steel could be reduced, the cost of the system could be reduced to $321/kWhe.

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“…Nowadays, their ability to offer great system flexibility by integrating RES into the end-use sectors brings into sharp focus the significant potential of energy storages classified as Power-to-X (P2X) technologies or Carnot Batteries (CB). Whereas P2X technologies are predominantly understood as technologies which use electrolysis in order to store electricity in fuels such as hydrogen (or later ammonia, methane or methanol) [7], CB convert electricity to storable thermal energy that can later be converted to electricity [8,9]. CB cover technologies such as pumped thermal [10] and liquid air energy storage [11], all of which are based on thermal energy storages (TES) as a key component.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Degradation of a rock bed thermal energy storage system

Knobloch

Ulrich²,

Bahl³

et al. 2022

Applied Thermal Engineering

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Key components for Carnot Battery: Technology review, technical barriers and selection criteria

Cited by 67 publications

References 163 publications

Liquid air energy storage technology: a comprehensive review of research, development and deployment

Liquid air energy storage technology: a comprehensive review of research, development and deployment

Design and Evaluation of a High Temperature Phase Change Material Carnot Battery

Degradation of a rock bed thermal energy storage system

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