Ketone bodies in blood of dairy cows: Prevalence and monitoring of subclinical ketosis

Krempaský, Marek; Maskaľová, Iveta; Bujňák, Lukáš; Vajda, V.

doi:10.2754/avb201483040411

Cited by 8 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Correlation between serum BHBA measured by laboratory colorimetric method -BHB mmol/L and blood BHBA measured by Precision Xtra test -BHB mmol/L showed a significant positive correlation (r) = 0.871; P<0.01; no of cows = 200. This result complied with those previously recorded (Krempaský et al, 2014) who recorded that r = 0.95; P < 0.001 between measurements of whole blood BHBA of dairy cows measured by the Precision Xtra ketone test and serum BHBA concentration measured by photometric method. Additionally, Oetzel, (2013) recorded that correlation coefficient (r) between handheld meter results and laboratory BHBA results were 0.92.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Efficacy of different cow side tests for diagnosis of ketosis in lactating cows

Ghanem

Mahmoud

El-Raof

et al. 2016

Benha Veterinary Medical Journal

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The aim of this work was to compare the efficacy of different cow side tests for diagnosis of ketosis including Precision Xtra ketone method and PortaBHB milk ketone tests in Holstein-Friesian dairy cows. The colorimetric estimation of serum BHBA at a cutoff point ≥1.200 mmol /L was used as a gold standard method. For that purpose, 200 Holstein-Friesian dairy cows up to 6 weeks postpartum were tested. The prevalence of ketosis was 11% by using colorimetric method. The apparent prevalence of ketosis was 12.5% by using of Precision Xtra ketone test at a cutoff point of blood BHBA ≥1.200 mmol /L with 90.9% sensitivity, 97.2% specificity, 80 % positive predictive value (PPV) and 98.9% negative predictive value (NPV). A significant correlation (r = 0.871; P <0.01) was recorded between serum BHBA measured by colorimetric method and whole blood BHBA measured by Precision Xtra ketone test. The apparent prevalence of ketosis was 20.5% and 6.5% by using PortaBHB milk ketone test at a cutoff point 100-200 μmol of milk BHBA /L with 86.4% and 45.5% sensitivity, 87.6% and 98.3% specificity, 46.3% and 76.9% PPV and 98.1% and 93.6% NPV, respectively. It was concluded that Precision Xtra ketone test and PortaBHB milk ketone test are simple and rapid tools for diagnosis of ketosis compared with the standard colorimetric method. However, Precision Xtra ketone test is more accurate and sensitive than PortaBHB milk ketone test.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Efficacy of different cow side tests for diagnosis of ketosis in lactating cows

Ghanem

Mahmoud

El-Raof

et al. 2016

Benha Veterinary Medical Journal

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“…The hepatic accumulation of TGs and an increased plasma concentration of BHBA cause fatty liver and ketosis, resulting in impaired reproduction, reduced lactation performance and various metabolic disorders [ 43 ]. Therefore, the plasma concentrations of BHBA and NEFA have been considered as effective indicators of energy status in transition cows [ 44 , 45 ]. The decrease in the NEFA concentration caused by RPC supplementation observed in this study is in accordance with the findings of Pinotti et al [ 34 ] and Cooke et al [ 16 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of Nutritional Metabolism in Transition Dairy Cows: Energy Homeostasis and Health in Response to Post-Ruminal Choline and Methionine

et al. 2016

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This study investigated the effects of rumen-protected methionine (RPM) and rumen-protected choline (RPC) on energy balance, postpartum lactation performance, antioxidant capacity and immune response in transition dairy cows. Forty-eight multiparous transition cows were matched and divided into four groups: control, 15 g/d RPC, 15 g/d RPM or 15 g/d RPC + 15 g/d RPM. Diet samples were collected daily before feeding, and blood samples were collected weekly from the jugular vein before morning feeding from 21 days prepartum to 21 days postpartum. Postpartum dry matter intake (DMI) was increased by both additives (P < 0.05), and energy balance values in supplemented cows were improved after parturition (P < 0.05). Both RPC and RPM decreased the plasma concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA), total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (P < 0.05), but increased the plasma levels of glucose, very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and apolipoprotein B100 (ApoB 100, P < 0.05). The supplements improved milk production (P < 0.05), and increased (P < 0.05) or tended to increase (0.05 < P < 0.10) the contents of milk fat and protein. The post-ruminal choline and methionine elevated the blood antioxidant status, as indicated by total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity and the vitamin E concentration (P < 0.05), and reduced the plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) level (P < 0.05). Furthermore, RPM and RPC elevated the plasma interleukin 2 (IL-2) concentration and the CD4+/CD8+ T lymphocyte ratio in peripheral blood (P < 0.05). Alternatively, the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and IL-6 were decreased by RPM and RPC (P < 0.05). Overall, the regulatory responses of RPC and RPM were highly correlated with time and were more effective in the postpartum cows. The results demonstrated that dietary supplementation with RPC and RPM promoted energy balance by increasing postpartal DMI and regulating hepatic lipid metabolism, improved postpartum lactation performance and enhanced antioxidant capacity and immune function of transition dairy cows.

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“…In milder cases of ketosis, clinical and biochemical signs of liver disease are usually not found [ 91 ]. In severe and advanced cases, and if the process is chronic, an increased, moderately sensitive liver can be observed during percussion and palpation (in the area behind the right last rib) [ 92 ]. Histologically, there is fatty degeneration (steatosis) of the liver, and in advanced cases, cirrhosis may occur.…”

Section: Ketosismentioning

confidence: 99%

The Most Important Metabolic Diseases in Dairy Cattle during the Transition Period

Tufarelli,

Puvača,

Glamočić

et al. 2024

Animals

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This review paper provides an in-depth analysis of three critical metabolic diseases affecting dairy cattle such as subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA), ketosis, and hypocalcemia. SARA represents a disorder of ruminal fermentation that is characterized by extended periods of depressed ruminal pH below 5.5–5.6. In the long term, dairy herds experiencing SARA usually exhibit secondary signs of the disease, such as episodes of laminitis, weight loss and poor body condition despite adequate energy intake, and unexplained abscesses usually 3–6 months after an episode of SARA. Depressed milk-fat content is commonly used as a diagnostic tool for SARA. A normal milk-fat test in Holstein dairy cows is >4%, so a milk-fat test of <3% can indicate SARA. However, bulk tank testing of milk fat is inappropriate to diagnose SARA at the herd level, so when >4 cows out of 12 and <60 days in milk are suspected to have SARA it can be considered that the herd has a problem. The rapid or abrupt introduction of fresh cows to high-concentrate diets is the most common cause of SARA. Changes in ruminal bacterial populations when exposed to higher concentrate rations require at least about 3 weeks, and it is recommended that concentrate levels increase by no more than 400 g/day during this period to avoid SARA. Ketosis, a prevalent metabolic disorder in dairy cattle, is scrutinized with a focus on its etiological factors and the physiological changes leading to elevated ketone bodies. In total mix ration-fed herds, an increased risk of mastitis and reduced fertility are usually the first clinical signs of ketosis. All dairy cows in early lactation are at risk of ketosis, with most cases occurring in the first 2–4 weeks of lactation. Cows with a body condition score ≥3.75 on a 5-point scale at calving are at a greater risk of ketosis than those with lower body condition scores. The determination of serum or whole blood acetone, acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentration, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), and liver biopsies is considered the best way to detect and monitor subclinical ketosis, while urine or milk cowside tests can also be used in on-farm monitoring programs. Concentrations >1.0 mmol/L or 1.4 mmol/L blood or serum BHB are considered diagnostic of subclinical ketosis. The standard threshold used for blood is 1.2 mmol/L, which corresponds to thresholds of 100 mcmol/L for milk and 15 mg/dL for urine. Oral administration of propylene glycol (250–400 g, every 24 h for 3–5 days) is the standard and most efficacious treatment, as well as additional therapy with bolus glucose treatment. Hypocalcemia is a disease of adult dairy cows in which acute hypocalcemia causes acute to peracute, afebrile, flaccid paralysis that occurs most commonly at or soon after parturition. Dairy cows are at considerable risk for hypocalcemia at the onset of lactation, when daily calcium excretion suddenly increases from about 10 g to 30 g per day. Cows with hypocalcemia have a more profound decrease in blood calcium concentration—typically below 5.5 mg/dL. The prevention of parturient paresis has been historically approached by feeding cows low-calcium diets during the dry period. Negative calcium balance triggers calcium mobilization before calving and better equips the cow to respond to the massive calcium needs at the onset of lactation. Calcium intake must be limited to <20 g per day for calcium restriction to be effective. The most practical and proven method for monitoring hypocalcemia is by feeding cows an acidogenic diet for ~3 weeks before calving. Throughout the review, emphasis is placed on the importance of early diagnosis and proactive management strategies to mitigate the impact of these metabolic diseases on dairy cattle health and productivity. The comprehensive nature of this paper aims to serve as a valuable resource for veterinarians, researchers, and dairy farmers seeking a deeper understanding of these prevalent metabolic disorders in dairy cattle.

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Ketone bodies in blood of dairy cows: Prevalence and monitoring of subclinical ketosis

Cited by 8 publications

References 16 publications

Efficacy of different cow side tests for diagnosis of ketosis in lactating cows

Efficacy of different cow side tests for diagnosis of ketosis in lactating cows

Regulation of Nutritional Metabolism in Transition Dairy Cows: Energy Homeostasis and Health in Response to Post-Ruminal Choline and Methionine

The Most Important Metabolic Diseases in Dairy Cattle during the Transition Period

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