Ketone and quinone‐substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mussel tissue, sediment, urban dust, and diesel particulate matrices

Abstract

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) substituted with a ketone or quinone functionality (OPAHs) may be important environmental contaminants. The OPAHs from environmental samples have demonstrated toxicity and may be more harmful than PAHs. Knowledge gaps concerning the occurrence of OPAHs in the total environment arise from analytical difficulties, as well as limited standards and methodologies. An optimized method was developed to quantify five ketone and four quinone OPAHs from matrices ranging from biological tissue to diesel particulates. Five National Institute of Standards and Technology Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) were analyzed. This is the first report of OPAH quantitation in SRM 2977 (mussel tissue), SRM 1944 (New York /New Jersey, USA waterway sediment), SRM 1975 (diesel extract) and SRM 1650b (diesel particulate matter) and among the few to report concentrations from SRM 1649 (urban dust). Furthermore, this is one of the first reports of OPAHs in biological tissue. Σ9OPAHs were 374 ± 59 μg/kg (mussel tissue), 5.4 ± 0.5 mg/kg (sediment), 16.9 ± 1.6 mg/kg (urban dust), 33.4 ± 0.4 mg/kg (diesel extract), and 150 ± 43 mg/kg (diesel particulate matter). In all SRMs, the levels of OPAHs were similar to or exceeded levels of PAHs. Of the OPAHs tested, the most frequently occurring in the environmental matrices were 9-fluorenone, 9,10-anthraquinone, benzofluorenone, and 7,12-benz[a]anthracenequinone.

Characterizing the parent and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mangrove sediments of Hong Kong

“…Moreover, 9-FLO and 9,10-ANQ had higher concentrations than their parent PAHs in some mangrove swamps, such as 9-FLO in MW, SK and DO mangrove and 9,10-ANQ in STK and DO mangrove, respectively. This phenomenon was similar to those being found in the standard reference materials (SRMs) of mussel tissue, sediment and urban dust (Layshock et al, 2010). Thus, more attention should be paid for the accumulating oxygenated PAHs in the environment.…”

“…Oxygenated PAHs such as aromatic ketones, aromatic aldehydes and quinones have been identified in various environment matrix, animal tissues and even in infant foods (Rey-Salgueiro et al, 2009;Layshock et al, 2010;Bandowe et al, 2014). Several hydroxylated PAH metabolites were used as biomarkers to evaluate PAHs exposure especially 1-hydroxy pyrene, and the concentrations of hydroxylated PAHs in fish bile correlated positively with the extent of PAH contamination in sediments from coastal waters of Columbia (Johnson-Restrepo et al, 2008).…”

Improvements in pollutant monitoring: Optimizing silicone for co-deployment with polyethylene passive sampling devices

“…The data in Figure 4B represents some of the first aqueous concentrations of OPAHs at a Superfund site using passive samplers, and includes evidence showing OPAHs having similar magnitudes to PAHs in Superfund waters (Figure 4). Comparisons between ΣPAH and ΣOPAHs have been shown to be similar among several other matrices (Layshock et al, 2010), and in a very recent publication, concentrations of 9-fluorenone and 9,10-anthraquinone were found to be higher than corresponding PAH homologues in waste, river, and effluent waters (Qiao et al, 2014). Overall, contrary to our original hypothesis that LDPE would not sequester OPAHs similarly to silicone, ΣOPAHs are similar with4 out of 6 sites not significantly differing between polymers (p ≥ 0.44 from t-tests, see SI-Figure 3B).…”

New Methodology for Quantifying Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Using High-Resolution Aerosol Mass Spectrometry

“…NPAHs, OPAHs, APAHs, and MPAHs have demonstrated mutagenic effects and genotoxicity, pointing towards their toxicological significance to human health, though they are typically found at lower concentrations than the analogous UnSubPAHs by 1-2 orders of magnitude (Vincenti et al 1996;Bezabeh et al 1997;Bhatia et al 1998;Layshock et al 2010;Huang et al 2013). Their lower concentrations compared to UnSubPAHs make them more difficult to measure and quantify.…”