Ketamine Psychedelic Psychotherapy: Focus on its Pharmacology, Phenomenology, and Clinical Applications

Kolp, Eli; Friedman, Harris L.; Krupitsky, Evgeny; Jansen, Karl; Sylvester, Mark; Young, M. Scott; Kolp, Anna

doi:10.24972/ijts.2014.33.2.84

Cited by 31 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 247 publications

(319 reference statements)

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“…PTSD is a chronic and debilitating condition arising after exposure to a severe traumatic event, characterized by persistent reexperiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal symptoms. Ketamine, known as a dissociative anesthetic, is classified as an arylcyclohexylamine (Kolp et al, 2014). Arylcyclohexylamines, predominantly target the neurotransmitter glutamate, which is an excitatory messenger thought to be involved in pathophysiology of PTSD and depression (Nair & Singh, 2008).…”

Section: Emphasis Of Ketaminementioning

confidence: 99%

Ketamine-Assisted Psychotherapy for PTSD Related to Racial Discrimination

Halstead¹,

Reed²,

Krause

et al. 2021

Clinical Case Studies

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Current research suggests that ketamine-assisted psychotherapy has benefit for the treatment of mental disorders. We report on the results of ketamine-assisted intensive outpatient psychotherapeutic treatment of a client with treatment-resistant, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as a result of experiences of racism and childhood sexual abuse. The client’s presenting symptoms included hypervigilance, social avoidance, feelings of hopelessness, and intense recollections. These symptoms impacted all areas of daily functioning. Psychoeducation was provided on how untreated intergenerational trauma, compounded by additional traumatic experiences, potentiated the client’s experience of PTSD and subsequent maladaptive coping mechanisms. Ketamine was administered four times over a 13-day span as an off-label, adjunct to psychotherapy. Therapeutic interventions and orientations utilized were mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) and functional analytic psychotherapy (FAP). New skills were obtained in helping the client respond effectively to negative self-talk, catastrophic thinking, and feelings of helplessness. Treatment led to a significant reduction in symptoms after completion of the program, with gains maintained 4 months post-treatment. This case study demonstrates the effective use of ketamine as an adjunct to psychotherapy in treatment-resistant PTSD.

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Section: Emphasis Of Ketaminementioning

confidence: 99%

Ketamine-Assisted Psychotherapy for PTSD Related to Racial Discrimination

Halstead¹,

Reed²,

Krause

et al. 2021

Clinical Case Studies

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show abstract

“…Ketamine (KET), first synthetized by the American scientist Calvin Stevens in 1962 and first officially tested on human subjects in 1964 (inmates of the Jackson Prison in Michigan) ( 20 ), was developed as a derivative of phencyclidine (more commonly known as PCP or “angel dust”), after the withdrawal of the latter due to its undesired hallucinogenic effects. Ketamine is a schedule III substance on the United States Controlled Substances Act (USCSA) with an indication as a dissociative anesthetic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intravenous Ketamine Bolus(es) for the Treatment of Status Epilepticus, Refractory Status Epilepticus, and Cluster Seizures: A Retrospective Study of 15 Dogs

Roynard

Bilderback

Dewey³

2021

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Status epilepticus (SE) and cluster seizures (CS) are common occurrences in veterinary neurology and frequent reasons of admission to veterinary hospitals. With prolonged seizure activity, gamma amino-butyric acid (GABA) receptors (GABAa receptors) become inactive, leading to a state of pharmacoresistance to benzodiazepines and other GABAergic medications, which is called refractory status epilepticus (RSE). Prolonged seizure activity is also associated with overexpression of N-methyl-D-aspartic (NMDA) receptors. Rodent models have shown the efficacy of ketamine (KET) in treating RSE, and its use has been reported in one canine case of RSE. Boluses of KET 5 mg/kg IV have become the preferred treatment for RSE in our hospital. A retrospective study was performed to evaluate and report our experience with KET IV bolus to treat prolonged and/or repeated seizure activity in cases of canine CS, SE, and RSE. A total of 15 dogs were retrieved, for 20 hospitalizations and 28 KET IV injections over 3 years. KET IV boluses were used 12 times for RSE (9 generalized seizures, 3 focal seizures) and KET terminated the episode of RSE 12/12 times (100%); however, seizures recurred 4/12 times (33%) within ≤6 h of KET IV bolus. When used for CS apart from episodes of RSE, KET IV bolus was associated with termination of the CS episode only 4/14 times (29%). Only 4/28 (14%) KET IV boluses were associated with adverse effects imputable only to the use of KET. One dog experienced a short, self-limited seizure activity during administration of KET IV, which was most likely related to a pre-mature use of KET IV (i.e., before GABAergic resistance and NMDA receptor overexpression had taken place). This study indicates that KET 5 mg/kg IV bolus may be successful for the treatment of RSE in dogs.

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“…These structures were also showed to enhance neuroplasticity induced by ketamine treatment [105]. In addition, it was evidenced that the psychoactive effect of ketamine treatment facilitates psychotherapeutic intervention [106,107].…”

Section: Major Depression Neuroplasticity Ketamine and Psychotherapymentioning

confidence: 97%

Neurobiological Augmentation of Psychotherapy in Treatment Resistant Depression

Li¹

2014

J Depress Anxiety

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A substantial number of patients diagnosed with major depression disorder have poor or no response to standard antidepressive drugs. Recent studies showed that ketamine promotes a rapid and sustained antidepressive effect and also promotes neuroplasticity in the regions involved in MDD psychopathology. In this review we summarize the molecular mechanisms of ketamine action, behavioral changes upon administration and the psychotherapeutic implication of ketamine-induced modification of learning and memory processes. Then, from a multi-point perspective, we argue for possible long-term benefits of NMDA receptor modulation on psychotherapy in patients with major depressive disorder. We embed this proposed augmentation strategy into existing literature on the role of NMDA-receptor mediating learning and conclude on recent psychotherapeutic implications for the use of ketamine within multidimensional treatment consideration.

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Ketamine Psychedelic Psychotherapy: Focus on its Pharmacology, Phenomenology, and Clinical Applications

Cited by 31 publications

References 247 publications

Ketamine-Assisted Psychotherapy for PTSD Related to Racial Discrimination

Ketamine-Assisted Psychotherapy for PTSD Related to Racial Discrimination

Intravenous Ketamine Bolus(es) for the Treatment of Status Epilepticus, Refractory Status Epilepticus, and Cluster Seizures: A Retrospective Study of 15 Dogs

Neurobiological Augmentation of Psychotherapy in Treatment Resistant Depression

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