Ketamine and thiopental sodium: individual and combined neuroprotective effects on cortical cultures exposed to NMDA or nitric oxide

Abstract

These data indicate that a low, clinically relevant dose of ketamine offer significant neuroprotection during prolonged exposure to NMDA but not to NOC. Combinations of reduced doses of ketamine and TPS exhibited enhanced neuroprotection against NMDA-induced neurotoxicity. Hence, combinations of these two common i.v. anaesthetics agents could be developed to protect the brain from ischaemia.

Ketamine in refractory convulsive status epilepticus in children avoids endotracheal intubation

“…Large doses of KE and rapid intravenous boluses may cause hallucinations, which are less frequent in children than in adults and can be reduced with benzodiazepine premedication [15]. Ketamine has neuroprotective properties by preventing transduction of signals to destructive intracellular mechanisms through the blocking of NMDA receptors [15,16].…”

Cardioprotection Via Modulation of Calcium Homeostasis by Thiopental in Hypoxia-Reoxygenated Neonatal Rat Cardiomyocytes

“…Thiopental has been known to protect the brain against ischemic damage by attenuation of nitric oxide-induced cytotoxocity26,27 and enhanced glutamate release 28. It has also been shown that thiopental reduces anoxia-mediated Ca 2+ influx in rat hippocampal slices 15.…”

The role of glutamate in neuronal ischemic injury: the role of spark in fire

“…Many problems still face its clinical Reduced the infarction size [147] Bis (7)tacrine Showed neuroprotective effect against retinal ischemic damage [148] Cerestat Had a good preclinical profile, but low clinical efficacy [149] Dextromethorphan It reduced infarction size but with a variety of dose-related reversible adverse events [150] Dizocilpine Reduced the infarction volume, but most effective given early after ischemia with neuropsychiatric problems [151] Gavestinel Generally better tolerated without neuropsychiatric adverse effects but it had little effects of on infarct volume in patients with ischemic stroke [152] Ketamine and thiopental Showed neuroprotective effects against NMDA-induced neurotoxicity [153] Magnesium Beside NMDAR blocking, it inhibited excitatory neurotransmitter release, blocked Ca 2? channels, dilated the cerebral vasculature [154] Memantine Improved neurochemical and neurobehavioral functions after ischemia [155] Dizocilpine Reduced the infarction size [156] Remacemide Reduced the infarction size [157] Traxoprodil Modest neuroprotective activity in humans with stroke [158] AMPAR blockers NBQX Had neuroprotective capacities but was associated with nephrotoxicity [159] PNQX Showed neuroprotective effects against oxygen-glucose deprivation [160] KAR blockers Inhibition of postreceptor signaling mechanisms Lubeluzole It inhibited glutamate-induced activation of NOS reducing infarction volume in experimental animals [167] PSD-95 inhibitors, e.g., N-alkylated tetrapeptides Reduced infarction size even after ischemic insult and improve neurobehavioral changes [168] Inhibitors of Ca 2?…”