Ketamine alone and combined with diazepam or xylazine in laboratory animals: a 10 year experience

Green, C. J.; Knight, John R. P.; Precious, Sophie Victoria; Simpkin, S.

doi:10.1258/002367781780959107

Cited by 273 publications

(208 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…When used appropriately, these medications induce a desirable state of calm or sedation (Vesal et al 2011). Ketamine and xylazine were selected because they achieved rapid and deep sedation which was reported to be more effective in several animal species (Green et al 1981). This study demonstrated that the combination of ketamine and xylazine was effective and safe for intravenous induction.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of ketamine/xylazine premedication on emulsified isoflurane general anaesthesia in swine undergoing embryo transplantation

Jiang¹,

Hu²,

Fan³

et al. 2014

Vet. Med. - Czech

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Cardiorespiratory effects were assessed during ketamine/xylazine premedication followed by emulsified isoflurane anaesthesia in swine undergoing experimental embryo transplantation. Ketamine (10 mg/kg) and xylazine (3.5 mg/kg) were premedicated intravenously, followed by continuous administration of intravenous emulsified isoflurane (2.8 ml/kg/h). Cardiorespiratory parameters, including heart rate, respiratory rate, mean arterial blood pressure, arterial oxygen saturation, and rectal temperature, were recorded in sows undergoing surgical embryo transplantation. Ketamine/xylazine premedication resulted in anaesthetic induction and lateral recumbency within 1 minute without any adverse effects. The physiological changes observed after drug administration remained within biologically acceptable limits. In conclusion, the combination of ketamine/xylazine provided anaesthetic induction, muscle relaxation, and analgesia sufficient for emulsified isoflurane intravenous anaesthesia. There were no adverse events in the experimental animals. This finding supports the use of emulsified isoflurane following ketamine/xylazine premedication in pigs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of ketamine/xylazine premedication on emulsified isoflurane general anaesthesia in swine undergoing embryo transplantation

Jiang¹,

Hu²,

Fan³

et al. 2014

Vet. Med. - Czech

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“…Glenn et al (1972) determinaram a DL 50 da cetamina para serpentes da espécie Crotalus atrox como 154mg/kg e que doses entre 55-88mg/kg promoveram uma contenção química adequada para a realização de pequenos procedimentos. Outros artigos também citam doses entre 50-80mg/kg como adequadas para contenção (Cooper 1974, Green et al 1981, Hill & Mackessy 1997 com período de latência de até 30 min. Destaca-se que como os agentes dissociativos promovem discreta analgesia visceral (Bennett 1991), o uso de cetamina isolada deve ser realizado apenas para contenção física ou procedimentos cirúrgicos cutâneos.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…O uso isolado da cetamina é realizado há vários anos em serpentes para facilitar a contenção, possibilitar a realização de exames clínicos e diminuir o estresse do procedimento (Glen et al 1972, Cooper 1974, Hill & Mackessy 1997. Entretanto, poucos enfatizam as alterações fisiológicas dos animais no período trans-anestésico, atentando-se apenas na possibilidade de contenção e a segurança do procedimento, tanto para o animal quanto para o profissional (Green et al 1981, Schumacher et al 1997.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Influência da temperatura corporal de cascavéis (Crotalus durissus) submetidas à anestesia com cetamina

Carregaro¹,

Cruz

Cherubini

et al. 2009

Pesq. Vet. Bras.

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O estudo objetivou verificar a influência da temperatura corporal nos parâmetros fisiológicos e nos períodos de indução e recuperação anestésicos de cascavéis (Crotalus durissus) anestesiadas com cetamina. Os animais foram previamente submetidos à hipotermia (HIPO) (<22°C) e normotermia (30°C) (NORMO) e anestesiados com 80mg/kg IM de cetamina. Foram avaliados os períodos de latência e recuperação da anestesia por meio do tônus de cabeça, tônus muscular e reflexo de endireitamento. Mensurou-se a frequência cardíaca (FC), tempo de apnéia e temperatura corporal em 0 min e 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120 min e análise dos gases sanguíneos em 0 min, 30 e 60 min. Não houve diferença em relação ao período de latência entre os grupos. A recuperação dos animais em HIPO foi mais prolongada (5,5 horas) que em NORMO (3,5 horas). Obteve-se FC no grupo NORMO superior que no grupo HIPO. O tempo de apnéia manteve o mesmo padrão em ambos os grupos. Em relação ao basal, tanto em HIPO quanto em NORMO o tempo de apnéia diminuiu acentuadamente entre 5 e 30 min. Observou-se acidose respiratória no grupo NORMO apenas em 0 min. O SvO2 elevou-se significativamente após 30 min, o mesmo ocorrendo com a PvO2. A PvCO2 diminuiu em ambos os grupos após 30 min. Evidenciou-se que a temperatura corporal influencia intrinsecamente o período de recuperação de cascavéis anestesiadas com cetamina.

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“…The compounds used in this study induced pulmonary disease with differing histopathologic features that became less distinctive by post-inoculation day 7 depending on the compound instilled. We conclude that energy dispersive spectroscopy is a useful diagnostic adjunct for detection and confirmatory identification of the specific elemental composition of certain foreign materials in lungs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Histopathologic Findings and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopic Analysis of Experimentally Induced Foreign-body Pneumonias in Rats

1989

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Abstract. To document the diagnostic features of foreign-body pneumonias, four commonly used orally administered medicaments were instilled into the lungs of Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats in each group received a single 0.4 ml dose of either barium sulfate suspension (BaSO,), mineral oil, Pepto-bisrnol", or Kaopectate" inoculated into a lung via a mainstem bronchus. The other lung served as a non-inoculated control. Rats were euthanatized on post-inoculation day 2 or 7 in order to document fully-developed, acute pulmonary lesions and developing, chronic pulmonary lesions, respectively. Light microscopic features of BaS0,-inoculated lungs were distinctive from changes in mineral oil-inoculated lungs at both post-inoculation days. On post-inoculation day 2, rats inoculated with BaSO, had pneumonia characterized by large numbers of alveolar macrophages containing green-to-brown granular material. There was minimal interstitial involvement. On post-inoculation day 2, mineral oil caused pneumonia characterized by giant cells and alveolar macrophages that had cytoplasms distended with variably-sized clear vacuoles. Lungs inoculated with BaSO, or mineral oil had changed little on post-inoculation day 7 compared to the light microscopic features observed on day 2. On post-inoculation day 2, rats inoculated with either Pepto-bismol" or Kaopectate @ had broncho-interstitial pneumonia with areas of necrosis and hemorrhage. On post-inoculation day 7, lungs inoculated with Pepto-bismol@ or Kaopectatem had extensive fibrosis within alveolar lumens. Energy dispersive spectroscopy performed on sections of lung from rats given BaSO,, Pepto-bismol@, and KaopectateB yielded a unique elemental spectrum for each compound in situ on post-inoculation days 2 and 7. We conclude that pulmonary responses differ among these compounds and that energy dispersive spectroscopy is a useful diagnostic adjunct for the definitive identification of elements comprising BaSO,, Pepto-bismol@, and KaopectateB in situ in affected lungs.

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Ketamine alone and combined with diazepam or xylazine in laboratory animals: a 10 year experience

Abstract: 163Summary Ketamine alone or supplemented by diazepam or xylazine has been used and evaluated as an anaesthetic in a range of animals including snakes,

Cited by 273 publications

References 13 publications

Effects of ketamine/xylazine premedication on emulsified isoflurane general anaesthesia in swine undergoing embryo transplantation

Effects of ketamine/xylazine premedication on emulsified isoflurane general anaesthesia in swine undergoing embryo transplantation

Influência da temperatura corporal de cascavéis (Crotalus durissus) submetidas à anestesia com cetamina

Histopathologic Findings and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopic Analysis of Experimentally Induced Foreign-body Pneumonias in Rats

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