Kerr-Nonlinearity Optical Parametric Oscillation in an Ultrahigh-<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi>Q</mml:mi></mml:math>Toroid Microcavity

Kippenberg, Tobias J.; Spillane, S. M.; Vahala, Kerry J.

doi:10.1103/physrevlett.93.083904

Cited by 655 publications

(498 citation statements)

References 31 publications

(47 reference statements)

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“…mode spacing of 86 GHz (optical quality factor Q 2 10 7 ; cavity linewidth 10 MHz). The measured parametric oscillation threshold of 39 mW is in good agreement with the theoretical value [11] of P th 2 2 n 2 DA eff n 2 1 Q 2 [17] assuming an effective mode area in the order of A eff 2 m 2 and using, respectively, n 1:45 and n 2 2:2 10 ÿ20 m 2 W for the linear and nonlinear refractive index of silica. The toroids have been made from microfabricated silica disks with an initial diameter of 800 m, while the reflow process for the generation of surface tensioninduced toroids has been performed by moving the focus of a CO 2 -laser beam around the circumference of the silica disks.…”

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confidence: 69%

“…This approach is based on continuously pumped fused silica microresonators on a chip, in which frequency combs are generated via parametric frequency conversion through four-wave mixing [10], mediated by the Kerr nonlinearity [11][12][13][14][15]. In this energy-conserving process, two pump photons are converted into a symmetric pair of sidebands with a spacing given by the free spectral range of the microcavity.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Full Stabilization of a Microresonator-Based Optical Frequency Comb

et al. 2008

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We demonstrate control and stabilization of an optical frequency comb generated by four-wave mixing in a monolithic microresonator with a mode spacing in the microwave regime (86 GHz). The comb parameters (mode spacing and offset frequency) are controlled via the power and the frequency of the pump laser, which constitutes one of the comb modes. Furthermore, generation of a microwave beat note at the comb's mode spacing frequency is demonstrated, enabling direct stabilization to a microwave frequency standard. [6]. Frequency comb generation naturally occurs in modelocked lasers whose emission spectrum constitutes an ''optical frequency ruler'' and consists of phase coherent modes with frequencies f m f CEO mf rep (where m is the number of the comb mode). Consequently, stabilization of a frequency comb requires access to two parameters: the spacing of the modes, which is given by the rate f rep at which pulses are emitted, and the offset frequency, given by the carrier envelope offset frequency f CEO , which can be measured and stabilized using the technique of selfreferencing (by employing, for instance, an f ÿ 2f interferometer [1,7,8]). Indeed, these techniques have been critical to the success of mode-locked lasers as sources of optical frequency combs.Recently, a monolithic frequency comb generator has been demonstrated for the first time [9]. This approach is based on continuously pumped fused silica microresonators on a chip, in which frequency combs are generated via parametric frequency conversion through four-wave mixing [10], mediated by the Kerr nonlinearity [11][12][13][14][15]. In this energy-conserving process, two pump photons are converted into a symmetric pair of sidebands with a spacing given by the free spectral range of the microcavity. This four-wave mixing process can cascade and give rise to frequency combs spanning up to 500 nm in the infrared with a mode spacing of up to 1 THz. The comb modes have been shown to be equidistant to a fractional frequency uncertainty of one part in 10 17 relative to the pump frequency [9].Here we present two major advancements that are necessary preconditions for the monolithic comb generator to be viable in frequency metrology and related applications. First, we demonstrate that it is possible to control the two degrees of freedom of the microcavity frequency comb (MFC) spectrum, which is required for full stabilization of the comb spectrum. In contrast to mode-locked lasers,

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Full Stabilization of a Microresonator-Based Optical Frequency Comb

et al. 2008

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“…This is a surprising result, since optical frequency combs in such a resonator with the same pump wavelength of 1550 nm have been observed down to less than 1.1 µm. An explanation for this effect can be given by a self compensation of the microcavity dispersion via the optical Kerr-effect [26]. Indeed, the Kerr-nonlinearity induced frequency shift ∆ν in an ultra-high-Q microresonator can exceed several tenth of gigahertz as a result of the huge power enhancement of the cavity (with resonator finesses exceeding 10 5 ).…”

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confidence: 99%

Frequency comb assisted diode laser spectroscopy for measurement of microcavity dispersion

et al. 2009

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While being invented for precision measurement of single atomic transitions, frequency combs have also become a versatile tool for broadband spectroscopy in the last years. In this paper we present a novel and simple approach for broadband spectroscopy, combining the accuracy of an optical fiber-laser-based frequency comb with the ease-of-use of a tunable external cavity diode laser. This scheme enables broadband and fast spectroscopy of microresonator modes and allows for precise measurements of their dispersion, which is an important precondition for broadband optical frequency comb generation that has recently been demonstrated in these devices. Moreover, we find excellent agreement of measured microresonator dispersion with predicted values from finite element simulations and we show that tailoring microresonator dispersion can be achieved by adjusting their geometrical properties.Spectroscopy has attracted attention of generations of scientists, starting with Fraunhofer's discovery of dark lines in the sun spectrum in 1814 and the work of Kirchhoff and Bunsen in 1859. Within the last decade, the invention of the optical frequency comb has revolutionized the field of spectroscopy and allowed measurements with previously unattainable precision [1,2,3]. However, despite significant advances [4,5,6,7,8], the use of frequency combs for precise broadband spectroscopy has remained challenging owing to low optical power per comb line and the difficulty to resolve features that are smaller than the combs free spectral range.Here, we present a novel and easy-to-use scheme for fast, broadband and precise spectroscopy combining the accuracy of an optical frequency comb with the broad bandwidth, high power and tunability of a mode-hopfree external cavity diode laser. We achieve sub-MHzresolution over a bandwidth exceeding 4 THz in the 1550-nm range at scanning speeds up to 1 THz per second. As application of the scheme we present measurements of the transmission spectra of ultra-high-Q microcavities, which exhibit spectrally narrow absorption features (< 10 MHz). Our novel technique allows us to determine microcavity dispersion over a broad wavelength region for the first time. The combination of high resolution, extremely high scanning speed and ease of use makes this technique promising for a wide range of applications in photonics, sensing, photonic device or laser characterization.Using optical frequency combs for broadband spectroscopy has so far been carried out in several ways. A powerful approach -that uses all comb modes simultaneously -is based on the use of two frequency combs, with slightly different repetition rates. This multi-heterodyne technique allows to map large optical bandwidth into the radio frequency signals [5,6,7]. While highly accurate Hz * Electronic address: tobias.kippenberg@epfl.ch level spectroscopy using simultaneously all comb modes has been achieved, the major drawback of this method is that it cannot resolve features below the repetition rate of the comb. This requires to scan the offs...

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“…Natural χ 3 materials have small nonlinearities on the order of 10 −18 [20] which would require lasers with α c ∼ 10 37 which is physically unrealistic. However, systems such as optical fibers [21], silica whispering-gallery microresonators [22] and cavity QED systems [13,23], and EIT [10] are capable of producing much much larger nonlinearities. For instance calculations for EIT systems in NV diamond [12] have shown potential phase shifts of order of magnitude of θ = 0.01.…”

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confidence: 99%

Efficient optical quantum information processing

Munro

Nemoto

Spiller

et al. 2005

J. Opt. B: Quantum Semiclass. Opt.

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Abstract. Quantum information offers the promise of being able to perform certain communication and computation tasks that cannot be done with conventional information technology (IT). Optical Quantum Information Processing (QIP) holds particular appeal, since it offers the prospect of communicating and computing with the same type of qubit. Linear optical techniques have been shown to be scalable, but the corresponding quantum computing circuits need many auxiliary resources. Here we present an alternative approach to optical QIP, based on the use of weak cross-Kerr nonlinearities and homodyne measurements. We show how this approach provides the fundamental building blocks for highly efficient non-absorbing single photon number resolving detectors, two qubit parity detectors, Bell state measurements and finally near deterministic control-not (CNOT) gates. These are essential QIP devices.

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Kerr-Nonlinearity Optical Parametric Oscillation in an Ultrahigh-QToroid Microcavity

Cited by 655 publications

References 31 publications

Full Stabilization of a Microresonator-Based Optical Frequency Comb

Full Stabilization of a Microresonator-Based Optical Frequency Comb

Frequency comb assisted diode laser spectroscopy for measurement of microcavity dispersion

Efficient optical quantum information processing

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