Keratin as a Biopolymer

Saha, Sarthak; Arshad, Muhammad; Zubair, Muhammad; Ullah, Aman

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-02901-2_6

Cited by 24 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 112 publications

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“…Several methodologies of keratin extraction developed over the years are available in the literature. These can be classified by several criteria as it follows: Considering the effect on the native structure of keratin extraction methods can be grouped in protected solubilization (extracted keratin molecules are approximately intact) and unprotected solubilization (molecular structure of keratin is destroyed by degrading peptide bonds, disulfide bridges, and intermolecular hydrogen bonds resulting in a low molecular weight proteins and polypeptides mixture) [ 64 , 65 ]; About the used extraction methods there are chemical (reduction, oxidation, hydrolysis, sulfitolysis, and the use of ionic liquid), physical (steam explosion, superheated water treatment, and microwave irradiation), and biological (microbial and enzymatic) methods [ 66 ]; Regarding the effect on the environment, some green methods have been developed, such as microwave irradiation, supercritical water extraction, and steam explosion. …”

Section: Methods For the Valorization Of Keratins By Extractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…About the used extraction methods there are chemical (reduction, oxidation, hydrolysis, sulfitolysis, and the use of ionic liquid), physical (steam explosion, superheated water treatment, and microwave irradiation), and biological (microbial and enzymatic) methods [ 66 ];…”

Section: Methods For the Valorization Of Keratins By Extractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Alkaline methods require high amounts of alkali reagents and also, high amounts of acids to neutralize and precipitate the solubilized keratin fraction [ 86 ]. The yield and the stability of the keratin hydrolysate depend on the conditions used for hydrolysis (temperature, reaction time, type, and concentration of alkali and acid used) [ 66 , 87 ], as shown in Table 5 .…”

Section: Methods For the Valorization Of Keratins By Extractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Closing the Loop with Keratin-Rich Fibrous Materials

et al. 2021

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One of the agro-industry’s side streams that is widely met is the-keratin rich fibrous material that is becoming a waste product without valorization. Its management as a waste is costly, as the incineration of this type of waste constitutes high environmental concern. Considering these facts, the keratin-rich waste can be considered as a treasure for the producers interested in the valorization of such slowly-biodegradable by-products. As keratin is a protein that needs harsh conditions for its degradation, and that in most of the cases its constitutive amino acids are destroyed, we review new extraction methods that are eco-friendly and cost-effective. The chemical and enzymatic extractions of keratin are compared and the optimization of the extraction conditions at the lab scale is considered. In this study, there are also considered the potential applications of the extracted keratin as well as the reuse of the by-products obtained during the extraction processes.

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Section: Methods For the Valorization Of Keratins By Extractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methods For the Valorization Of Keratins By Extractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methods For the Valorization Of Keratins By Extractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Closing the Loop with Keratin-Rich Fibrous Materials

et al. 2021

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“…Чиста, суха і знежирена вовна майже на 98% скла-дається з цього протеїну. Відомо, що після розриву дисульфідних зв'язків за допомогою хімічних чинників кератин вовни розчиняється у слаболужних розчинах, з яких фракціонуванням виділяють три основні фракції, названі умовно α-, β-і γ-кератозами [4,5,16]. Альфа-кератоза (50-60% маси волокна) характеризується низьким вмістом Сульфуру (близько 2%), відповідає протеїну макро-і мікрофібрил клітин коркового шару.…”

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“…Структура кератинових волокон містить також невелику кількість ліпідів (до 3% від сухої маси волокна), які є як у вільному, так і ковалентно зв'язаному стані через ефірний чи тіоефірний зв'язок з протеїнами волоса, є головними компонентами плазматичних мембран клітин волоса і визначають його поверхневі властивості, зокрема формування водонепроникного шару [6,9,10,16,17]. За даними [22], до складу цих ліпідів входять (мг/г): жирні кислоти -2,4-4,0, холестерол сульфат -0,7-2,9, цераміди -0,6-1,4, холестерол -0,3-1,4 і невелика кількість жирних спиртів.…”

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The relationship between structural lipids of sheep wool with its individual macrostructural components, chemical composition and physical indicators

Stapai¹,

Stakhiv²,

Tkachuk³

et al. 2021

Bìol. Tvarin

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The data on the peculiarities of the structural organization, chemical composition and physical parameters of sheep wool of different breeds depending on the type of their hair are presented. It has been found that the down fibers of ewes of the Ukrainian Carpathian Mountain breed possess the lowest content of β-keratosis (10.2%) and the highest content of α-keratosis (64.4%). In the fine wool of Ascanian ewes and Prekos ewes, the content of β-keratosis is 12.9 and 11.5%, respectively, and the highest content of it (15.1%) is contained in the guard fibers of the Carpathian Mountain ewes. However, in the down fibers of these ewes and the Prekos breed ewes, there is the highest content of γ-keratosis ― 28.4 and 28.7%, the total sulfur and cystine (2.9 and 2.9 and 11.2 and 11.5%), respectively. Besides that, the guard fibers contain the lowest content of both γ-keratosis (58.2%) and sulfur and cystine (2.7 and 9.0%), respectively. It has been established that different categories of fibers contain different amounts of total lipids. The smallest amounts of free lipids are found in the thin down of the Carpathian Mountain ewes (0.75%), the thin wool of the Prekos ewes (0.71%) and Ascanian ewes (0.83%), and the largest number of them is found in the semi-coarse guard fibers of the Carpathian Mountain sheep (1.39%). For bound lipids, a diametrically opposite difference was established: the largest amount of lipids was found in the thin down (1.85%), and the smallest amount — in the semi-coarse guard fibers (1.47%). In the guard fibers, the biggest amount of free lipids is accounted for the fraction of non-esterified cholesterol (64.9% versus 56.5% in the down, 57.7 in the wool of Ascanian ewes and 63.3% in the Prekos ewes), and the least of all they contain the fraction of non-esterified fatty acids (9.6%), and another sterol fraction (9.2%). The fibers of the Prekos breed sheep are noted with the lowest content of esterified cholesterol (8.9%) and the highest content of non-esterified fatty acids. But the fraction of polar lipids consists of almost 50% of ceramides and sulfolipids (more than 20%). At the same time, ceramides account for no more than 40% in the fraction of bound lipids. Physical indicators of wool to some extent reflect the peculiarities of its structure and chemical composition. Thus, the guard fibers have the highest strength (9.1 cN/tex) and fineness (48.8 μm), which is natural, because the guard has the highest content of β-keratose, i.e. cuticle, and the highest amount of lipids. Instead, the thinnest fibers are down fibers (16.9 μm) and they are the weakest (7.0 cN/tex) and these fibers contain the least β-keratose. Thus, there is a direct relationship between the content of the free lipid fraction and the fiber diameter (r = 0.996; 0.887; 0746 for down, fine and semi-coarse, respectively), and between the content of bound lipids — inverse (r = –0.993;–0.995; –0.694).

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Improving Sustainable Environment of Biopolymers Using Nanotechnology

Patel

2022

Sustainable Nanotechnology

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Keratin as a Biopolymer

Cited by 24 publications

References 112 publications

Closing the Loop with Keratin-Rich Fibrous Materials

Closing the Loop with Keratin-Rich Fibrous Materials

The relationship between structural lipids of sheep wool with its individual macrostructural components, chemical composition and physical indicators

Improving Sustainable Environment of Biopolymers Using Nanotechnology

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