Kelvin probe and ultraviolet photoemission measurements of indium tin oxide work function: a comparison

Kim, Jinhyun; Lägel, B.; Moons, Ellen; Johansson, Nils; Baikie, Iain D.; Salaneck, W. R.; Friend, Richard H.; Cacialli, Franco

doi:10.1016/s0379-6779(99)00354-9

Cited by 190 publications

(132 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…This difference can in part be explained by the fact that UPS is known to measure the lowest work function, while the KP technique measures the average work function under the probe. 31,32 However, for UPS measurements the samples were also briefly exposed to the laboratory environment when loading into the UPS vacuum chamber, and so modification of the surface potential contribution to work function by surface contamination is likely. Conversely the KP measurements were made using a KP located in the same nitrogen filled glovebox as used for film deposition, and so measurements made using the KP technique are considered to be more reliable in this instance, a conclusion corroborated by the device studies described in a subsequent part of this paper.…”

Section: Research Articlementioning

confidence: 99%

Widely Applicable Coinage Metal Window Electrodes on Flexible Polyester Substrates Applied to Organic Photovoltaics

Stec

Hatton

2012

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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The fabrication, exceptional properties, and application of 8 nm thick Cu, Ag, Au, and Cu/Ag bilayer electrodes on flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) substrates is reported. These electrodes are fabricated using a solvent free process in which the plastic surface is chemically modified with a molecular monolayer of thiol and amine terminated alkylsilanes prior to metal deposition. The resulting electrodes have a sheet resistance of ≤14 Ω sq–1, are exceptionally robust and can be rapidly thermally annealed at 200 °C to reduce their sheet resistance to ≤9 Ω sq–1. Notably, annealing Au electrodes briefly at 200 °C causes the surface to revert almost entirely to the {111} face, rendering it ideal as a model electrode for fundamental science and practical application alike. The power conversion efficiency of 1 cm2 organic photovoltaics (OPVs) employing 8 nm Ag and Au films as the hole-extracting window electrode exhibit performance comparable to those on indium–tin oxide, with the advantage that they are resistant to repeated bending through a small radius of curvature and are chemically well-defined. OPVs employing Cu and bilayer Cu:Ag electrodes exhibit inferior performance due to a lower open-circuit voltage and fill factor. Measurements of the interfacial energetics made using the Kelvin probe technique provide insight into the physical reason for this difference. The results show how coinage metal electrodes offer a viable alternative to ITO on flexible substrates for OPVs and highlight the challenges associated with the use of Cu as an electrode material in this context.

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Section: Research Articlementioning

confidence: 99%

Widely Applicable Coinage Metal Window Electrodes on Flexible Polyester Substrates Applied to Organic Photovoltaics

Stec

Hatton

2012

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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“…It has also been pointed out [19] that the discrepancy between KP and UPS values is well-documented [23][24][25][26]. Variation in the reference values will directly contribute to the differences observed by UPS and KP.…”

Section: -P5 Epj Photovoltaicsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Variation in the reference values will directly contribute to the differences observed by UPS and KP. Further fundamental differences exist [24] in the work function measuring principles of KP and UPS. UPS measures that of the lowest energy electrons that escape the film surface upon excitation with the UV source and invariably gives only lowest work function in the measured area.…”

Section: -P5 Epj Photovoltaicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…UPS measures that of the lowest energy electrons that escape the film surface upon excitation with the UV source and invariably gives only lowest work function in the measured area. On the other hand KP measures [24] the average work function of the area just below the probe. This naturally ends up in higher work function values for KP than that of UPS as surfaces would not be uniform for all practical purposes.…”

Section: -P5 Epj Photovoltaicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another major problem with UPS is the degradation of the surface at UHV as it may reduce [19] the quantity of volatile surface adsorbates on the films, resulting in a work function difference. In the case of KP, it has been reported [24] discrepancies between KP values measured with three different instruments. A very important draw back of KP was reported [24] as though it is more sensitive than UPS it fails in detecting ITOs with different surface treatments.…”

Section: -P5 Epj Photovoltaicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Improved electron collection in fullerene via caesium iodide or carbonate by means of annealing in inverted organic solar cells

et al. 2014

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Inverted organic photovoltaic cells (IOPVCs), based on the planar heterojunction C60/CuPc, were grown using MoO3 as anode buffer layer and CsI or Cs2CO3 as cathode buffer layer (CBL), the cathode being an ITO coated glass. Work functions, Φ f , of treated cathode were estimated using the cyclic voltammetry method. It is shown that Φ f of ITO covered with a Cs compounds is decreased. This decrease is amplified by the annealing. It is shown that the thermal deposition under vacuum of the CBL induces a partial decomposition of the caesium compounds. In parallel, the formation of a compound with the In of ITO is put in evidence. This reaction is amplified by annealing, which allows obtaining IOPVCs with improved efficiency. The optimum annealing conditions is 150• C for 5 min.

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Polymer Photovoltaic Cells with Conducting Polymer Anodes

Zhang¹,

et al. 2002

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Kelvin probe and ultraviolet photoemission measurements of indium tin oxide work function: a comparison

Cited by 190 publications

References 9 publications

Widely Applicable Coinage Metal Window Electrodes on Flexible Polyester Substrates Applied to Organic Photovoltaics

Widely Applicable Coinage Metal Window Electrodes on Flexible Polyester Substrates Applied to Organic Photovoltaics

Improved electron collection in fullerene via caesium iodide or carbonate by means of annealing in inverted organic solar cells

Polymer Photovoltaic Cells with Conducting Polymer Anodes

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