“…On the other hand, after the September 11 attacks (hereafter 9/11), the risk of direct terrorism has forced firms in both the passenger and cargo sectors to fortify their operational processes against attacks. Since then, airlines have been charging fees to customers, including security surcharges–-additional costs to pay for security measures driven by the airport authorities from a flight’s origin to its destination (da Cunha et al 2017 ). In the case of air cargo, security surcharges that cover the cost of security, safety, navigation through dangerous areas, and x-ray measures to ensure the speed of transport have risen.…”