Keds, the enigmatic flies and their role as vectors of pathogens

Bezerra‐Santos, Marcos Antônio; Otranto, Domenico

doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105521

Cited by 34 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 114 publications

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“…These ectoparasites were collected from positive red and roe deer. Although their role in the anaplasmosis infectious cycle is still under debate, other authors report deer keds as potential carriers of A. phagocytophilum, raising questions about their possible vectorial capability [15,62].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both ecotypes have also been identified in other ectoparasites such as deer keds (Lipoptena cervi, L. cervi) [14]. The role of this species in the transmission of anaplasmosis has been suggested but not demonstrated [15]. Ecotypes III and IV have been detected in Ixodes trianguliceps and Ixodes frontalis, which usually feed on rodents and birds, respectively [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ecotyping of Anaplasma phagocytophilum from Wild Ungulates and Ticks Shows Circulation of Zoonotic Strains in Northeastern Italy

Grassi

Franzo

Martini

et al. 2021

Animals

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Anaplasma phagocytophilum (A. phagocytophilum) is a tick-borne pathogen causing disease in both humans and animals. Human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) is an emerging disease, but despite the remarkable prevalence in European ticks and wild animals, human infection appears underdiagnosed. Several genetic variants are circulating in Europe, including the zoonotic ecotype I. This study investigated A. phagocytophilum occurrence in wild ungulates and their ectoparasites in an area where HGA has been reported. Blood samples from wild ungulates and ectoparasites were screened by biomolecular methods targeting the mps2 gene. The groEL gene was amplified and sequenced to perform genetic characterization and phylogenetic analysis. A total of 188 blood samples were collected from different wild ungulates species showing an overall prevalence of 63.8% (88.7% in wild ruminants and 3.6% in wild boars). The prevalence of A. phagocytophilum DNA in ticks (manly Ixodes ricinus), and keds collected from wild ruminants was high, reflecting the high infection rates obtained in their hosts. Among ticks collected from wild boars (Hyalomma marginatum and Dermacentor marginatus) no DNA was detected. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated the presence of ecotype I and II. To date, this is the first Italian report of ecotype I in alpine chamois, mouflon, and wild boar species. These findings suggest their role in HGA epidemiology, and the high prevalence detected in this study highlights that this human tick-borne disease deserves further attention.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecotyping of Anaplasma phagocytophilum from Wild Ungulates and Ticks Shows Circulation of Zoonotic Strains in Northeastern Italy

Grassi

Franzo

Martini

et al. 2021

Animals

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“…Hippoboscidae), recently detected in Italy, can bite humans (Bezerra-Santos & Otranto, 2020;de Bruin et al, 2015;Salvetti et al, 2020;Szewczyk et al, 2017).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zoonotic Bartonella species in Eurasian wolves and other free‐ranging wild mammals from Italy

Greco

Zarea

Sgroi

et al. 2021

Zoonoses and Public Health

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Bartonellae are emerging vector-borne pathogens infecting humans, domestic mammals and wildlife. Ninety-seven red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), 8 European badgers (Meles meles), 6 Eurasian wolves (Canis lupus), 6 European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus), 3 beech martens (Martes foina) and 2 roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) from Italian Nature Conservatory Parks were investigated for Bartonella infection. Several Bartonella species (9.84%; 95% CI: 4.55-15.12), including zoonotic ones, were molecularly detected among wolves (83.3%; 95% CI: 51-100.00), foxes (4.12%; 95% CI: 0.17-8.08), hedgehogs (33.33%; 95% CI: 0.00-71.05) and a roe deer. Bartonella rochalimae was the most common Bartonella species (i.e. in 4 foxes and 2 wolves) detected. Candidatus B. merieuxii and B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii were identified for the first time in wolves. Furthermore, Bartonella schoenbuchensis was identified in a roe deer and a new clone with phylogenetic proximity to B. clarridgeiae was detected in European hedgehogs.Zoonotic and other Bartonella species were significantly more frequent in Eurasian wolves (p < .0001), than in other free-ranging wild mammals, representing a potential reservoir for infection in humans and domestic animals.

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“…Hippobosca equina , also known as “forest fly,” usually parasitizes horses but also bites cattle, dogs, red deer, camelids, rabbits and humans. Adult winged flies lay larvae in the environment, where they immediately pupate, and new winged adults hatch from pupae, starting host-seeking behavior [ 260 ]. Humans bitten by this ked species often require emergency treatment because of allergic reactions [ 261 ].…”

Section: Arthropod Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parasitic diseases of equids in Iran (1931–2020): a literature review

et al. 2020

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Parasitic infections can cause many respiratory, digestive and other diseases and contribute to some performance conditions in equids. However, knowledge on the biodiversity of parasites of equids in Iran is still limited. The present review covers all the information about parasitic diseases of horses, donkeys, mules and wild asses in Iran published as articles in Iranian and international journals, dissertations and congress papers from 1931 to July 2020. Parasites so far described in Iranian equids include species of 9 genera of the Protozoa (Trypanosoma, Giardia, Eimeria, Klossiella, Cryptosporidium, Toxoplasma, Neospora, Theileria and Babesia), 50 helminth species from the digestive system (i.e., 2 trematodes, 3 cestodes and 37 nematodes) and from other organs (i.e., Schistosoma turkestanica, Echinococcus granulosus, Dictyocaulus arnfieldi, Parafilaria multipapillosa, Setaria equina and 3 Onchocerca spp.). Furthermore, 16 species of hard ticks, 3 mite species causing mange, 2 lice species, and larvae of 4 Gastrophilus species and Hippobosca equina have been reported from equids in Iran. Archeoparasitological findings in coprolites of equids include Fasciola hepatica, Oxyuris equi, Anoplocephala spp. and intestinal strongyles. Parasitic diseases are important issues in terms of animal welfare, economics and public health; however, parasites and parasitic diseases of equines have not received adequate attention compared with ruminants and camels in Iran. The present review highlights the knowledge gaps related to equines about the presence, species, genotypes and subtypes of Neospora hughesi, Sarcocystis spp., Trichinella spp., Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, Blastocystis and microsporidia. Identification of ticks vectoring pathogenic parasites, bacteria and viruses has received little attention, too. The efficacy of common horse wormers also needs to be evaluated systematically.

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Keds, the enigmatic flies and their role as vectors of pathogens

Cited by 34 publications

References 114 publications

Ecotyping of Anaplasma phagocytophilum from Wild Ungulates and Ticks Shows Circulation of Zoonotic Strains in Northeastern Italy

Ecotyping of Anaplasma phagocytophilum from Wild Ungulates and Ticks Shows Circulation of Zoonotic Strains in Northeastern Italy

Zoonotic Bartonella species in Eurasian wolves and other free‐ranging wild mammals from Italy

Parasitic diseases of equids in Iran (1931–2020): a literature review

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