Brecht's epic theater offers a valuable platform for examining the intense political drama that unfolded in Greece of the late 1950s through mid-1970s.Petros Markaris launched Brecht's reception with the comprehensive approach of "rewriting" the German author. In 1971, the Free Theater staged The Story of Ali Retzo, a 1965 play that Markaris had composed in the Brechtian vein with poetic overtones. The production became a collective effort to subject the military regime of 1967 to the probing lens of dialectic theater. Set in a mid-twentieth-century Turkish village, The Story of Ali Retzo captured a postmodernist ethos of ambivalence, which questioned oppressive power structures and social inequities. Markaris used the "distant" setting to investigate the problems posed by capitalism, mechanization, and exploitative means of production. The Free Theater's show became a tremendous success for expressing the frustration of unreconciled audiences and of an "unruly" youth movement. Also, it laid out a model for a new, radical understanding of theater as process. The Story of Ali Retzo is remembered to this day as a definitive Brechtian moment in Greek theater under the dictatorship. It marked a sociocultural as well as a theatrical breakthrough, if not a (modest) revolution.
Theater as process, acculturating Brecht as processWe wanted to change the structures and the production method of the spectacle as well as its contents, but always geared toward the broad public. That was our goal and our strength. (Kotanidis 2011:178) Before delving into the details of the interaction that Petros Markaris (1937-) and the Eléfthero Théatro (Ελεύθερο Θέατρο, Free Theater) pursued with Bertolt Brecht , this article needs to explain some key notions of Brechtian dramaturgy. Brecht and Piscator cofounded the "epic theater" as a politically committed theater whose praxis drew on the historical materialism of Marx.1 Its aim was to subject economic and sociopolitical forces to an objective and 86 Gonda Van Steen conscious analysis, which would expose how oppressive powers and ideologies had developed historically and continued to hold sway (even if this entailed that any representation of history would necessarily be reductive). Thus, Sarah Bryant-Bertail notes, epic theater presents history from the perspective of conflicting classes and, more importantly, it suggests that world orders are subject to change (2000:2-4). Brecht's drama is indeed a social and ideological forum that envisions the possibility of change, and the same holds true of Markaris's play. The more rational side of epic theater, on the other hand, requires that actors do not embody but demonstrate their roles, and that the spectators remain aware that they are watching a performance. Brecht himself claimed that his epic theater does not make the spectator the victim of a "hypnotic experience"; instead, he or she inevitably has to "take a critical attitude while . . . in the theatre (as opposed to a subjective attitude of becoming completely 'entangled' in what ...