Karyotypic Study of Four Gibbon Forms Provisionally Considered as Subspecies of Hylobates (Nomascus) concolor (Primates, Hylobatidae)

Couturier, Jérôme; Lernould, Jean-Marc

doi:10.1159/000156533

Cited by 28 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Interestingly, 14 rearrangements have been shown to be NLE-specific when compared to other gibbons (Muller et al 2003), suggesting that accelerated rates of chromosomal rearrangement have been a longstanding property of this lineage, as opposed to a punctuated event early in the evolution of this genus. In this respect, it is worth noting that the 1/22 translocation, leading to chromosomes 1b and 22b (see Methods), is a known polymorphic translocation within the N. leucogenys species (Couturier and Lernould 1991). Southern white-cheeked gibbons (NLE subspecies siki) from southern Laos and central Vietnam carry this translocation, while Northern white-cheeked gibbons (NLE subspecies leucogenys) from north- …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular refinement of gibbon genome rearrangements

et al. 2006

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The gibbon karyotype is known to be extensively rearranged when compared to the human and to the ancestral primate karyotype. By combining a bioinformatics (paired-end sequence analysis) approach and a molecular cytogenetics approach, we have refined the synteny block arrangement of the white-cheeked gibbon (Nomascus leucogenys, NLE) with respect to the human genome. We provide the first detailed clone framework map of the gibbon genome and refine the location of 86 evolutionary breakpoints to <1 Mb resolution. An additional 12 breakpoints, mapping primarily to centromeric and telomeric regions, were mapped to ∼5 Mb resolution. Our combined FISH and BES analysis indicates that we have effectively subcloned 49 of these breakpoints within NLE gibbon BAC clones, mapped to a median resolution of 79.7 kb. Interestingly, many of the intervals associated with translocations were gene-rich, including some genes associated with normal skeletal development. Comparisons of NLE breakpoints with those of other gibbon species reveal variability in the position, suggesting that chromosomal rearrangement has been a longstanding property of this particular ape lineage. Our data emphasize the synergistic effect of combining computational genomics and cytogenetics and provide a framework for ultimate sequence and assembly of the gibbon genome.[Supplemental material is available online at www.genome.org.]Hominidae (humans and great apes) and, to a lesser extent, Old World monkeys, possess karyotypes closely resembling the hypothetical hominoid ancestor. Most evolutionary chromosomal rearrangements between ape lineages involve pericentric (including the centromere) or paracentric (not including the centromere) inversions (Yunis and Prakash 1982). In contrast, comparative studies of gibbons (small apes, family Hylobatidae) indicate that the karyotypes of all 12 (or more) species appear highly derived, with an unusually large number (n > 40) of chromosomal fissions and translocations (Jauch et al. 1992; Koehler et al. 1995a,b;Muller and Wienberg 2001;Murphy et al. 2001;Nie et al. 2001;Muller et al. 2002Muller et al. , 2003Ferguson-Smith et al. 2005;Froenicke 2005). Their chromosomal numbers range from 2n = 38 (hoolock gibbons) to 2n = 52 (Nomascus) and differ from other ape lineages in showing an accelerated rate of chromosomal translocation during evolution.Gibbons, then, provide a unique perspective of a highly rearranged ape genome with two major advantages: (1) neutrally evolving DNA shows a relatively short genetic distance (<0.05 substitutions/site) to the high-quality human reference sequence; and (2) the gibbon represents a phylogenetic link between the great apes and the Old World monkeys, providing a unique perspective of evolutionary change between 15 and 20 million years of species separation (Goodman 1999). The evolutionary relatedness of human and gibbon species facilitates crossspecies FISH experiments and comparative sequence analyses to provide exquisite resolution in refining evolutionary breakpoints of chromosomal ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular refinement of gibbon genome rearrangements

et al. 2006

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“…These findings argue against drastic bottlenecks during the divergence of the various 44-chromosome gibbon species. Other gibbon species have probable translocation polymorphisms (5,6) or subspecies with different karyotypes (34), suggesting that the process of karyological transformation is still underway. CISS hybridization analysis of larger sample sizes, especially of free-ranging lesser apes, could provide further insight into the possible role of chromosome polymorphisms during speciation events.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reconstruction of genomic rearrangements in great apes and gibbons by chromosome painting.

Jauch

Wienberg

Stanyon

et al. 1992

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

282

160

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The homology between hylobatid chromosomes and other primates has long remained elusive. We used chromosomal in situ suppression hybridization of all human chromosome-specific DNA libraries to "paint" the chromosomes of primates and establish homologies between the human, great ape (chimpanzee, gorilla, and orangutan), and gibbon karyotypes (Hylobates lar species group, 2n = 44). The hybridization patterns unequivocally demonstrate the high degree of chromosomal homology and synteny of great ape and human chromosomes. Relative to human, no translocations were detected in great apes, except for the well-known fusionorigin of human chromosome 2 and a 5;17 translocation in the gorilla. In contrast, numerous translocations were detected that have led to the massive reorganization of the gibbon karyotype: the 22 autosomal human chromosomes have been divided into 51 elements to compose the 21 gibbon autosomes. Molecular cytogenetics promises to rinally allow hylobatids to be integrated into the overall picture of chromosomal evolution in the primates.

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“…Examples of gibbon chromosomal heterozygosity have been reported: in Nomascus: an inversion of NLE7 generated chromosome NLE7b, and a translocation between chromosomes NLE1 and NLE22 generated variants 1b and 22b (Couturier and Lernould 1991;Koehler et al 1995b). There is a polymorphism of chromosome 8, with three distinct forms, in the genera Hylobates (Stanyon et al 1987;Van Tuinen et al 1999;Hirai et al 2003).…”

Section: Variant Chromosomes and The Gibbon Radiationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comprehensive molecular cytogenetic analysis of chromosome rearrangements in gibbons

Capozzi

Carbone²,

Stanyon

et al. 2012

Genome Res.

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Chromosome rearrangements in small apes are up to 20 times more frequent than in most mammals. Because of their complexity, the full extent of chromosome evolution in these hominoids is not yet fully documented. However, previous work with array painting, BAC-FISH, and selective sequencing in two of the four karyomorphs has shown that highresolution methods can precisely define chromosome breakpoints and map the complex flow of evolutionary chromosome rearrangements. Here we use these tools to precisely define the rearrangements that have occurred in the remaining two karyomorphs, genera Symphalangus (2n = 50) and Hoolock (2n = 38). This research provides the most comprehensive insight into the evolutionary origins of chromosome rearrangements involved in transforming small apes genome. Bioinformatics analyses of the human-gibbon synteny breakpoints revealed association with transposable elements and segmental duplications, providing some insight into the mechanisms that might have promoted rearrangements in small apes. In the near future, the comparison of gibbon genome sequences will provide novel insights to test hypotheses concerning the mechanisms of chromosome evolution. The precise definition of synteny block boundaries and orientation, chromosomal fusions, and centromere repositioning events presented here will facilitate genome sequence assembly for these close relatives of humans.

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Karyotypic Study of Four Gibbon Forms Provisionally Considered as Subspecies of Hylobates (Nomascus) concolor (Primates, Hylobatidae)

Cited by 28 publications

References 9 publications

Molecular refinement of gibbon genome rearrangements

Molecular refinement of gibbon genome rearrangements

Reconstruction of genomic rearrangements in great apes and gibbons by chromosome painting.

A comprehensive molecular cytogenetic analysis of chromosome rearrangements in gibbons

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