Karyotypic studies in Lycium section Mesocope (Solanaceae) from South America

Stiefkens, Laura; Bernardello, Gabriel

doi:10.1080/00087114.2002.10589278

Cited by 16 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The same was observed here for the diploid southern African Lycium and the diploid South American species (STIEFKENS and BER-NARDELLO 1996;2000;2002;. However, in 3 diploid Asian species two satellited pairs have been reported (SHIEDAI et al 1999;DONGLI et al 2000), similar to the observations of the tetraploid species in the present study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

“…MILLER and VENABLE (2000) suggested that gender dimorphism in Lycium evolves following polyploidy, which acts as a trigger for the transition to dimorphism because it disrupts the pre-existing self-incompatibility system. Indeed, among North American Lycium, diploid species are self-incompatible (MILLER and VENABLE 2002;YEUNG et al 2005;SAVAGE and MILLER 2006), whereas the hermaphroditic mating type in polyploid species appears to be self-compatible (MILLER and VENABLE 2000;2002). In southern Africa, gender dimorphism is more advanced than in the New World, and all dimorphic species are dioecious; thus, the self-compatibility status of the polyploid taxa is diffi cult to determine.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…African Lycium species and previously examined members of tribe Lycieae share this tendency towards short chromosomes (BERNARDEL- LO et al 1995LO et al , 2008STIEFKENS and BERNARDELLO 1996, 2000, 2002SHEIDAI et al 1999;DONGLI et al 2000). Other taxa, like the large genus Solanum, include species with short (BER- NARDELLO and ANDERSON 1990;BERNARDELLO et al 1994;ACOSTA et al 2005; CHIARINI and BER-NARDELLO 2006) or longer chromosomes, from 3 to 14 μm (cf.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our goals are as follows: (1) verifi cation of chromosome number and karyotype determination, and (2) cytogenetic characterization using CMA/DAPI banding. In addition, we discuss these data in light of existing information on evolutionary relationships in Lycium (FUKUDA et al 2001;LEVIN and MILLER 2005;LEVIN et al 2007LEVIN et al , 2009) and compare the cytogenetic information for southern African species with previous data for South American (BERNARDELLO et al 1995;STIEFKENS and BERNARDELLO 1996;2000;2002; and Asian (SHEIDAI et al 1999;DONGLI et al 2000) species. (Levin et al, 2007) and include both diploid, hermaphroditic species (L. bosciifolium, L. amoenum, L. ferocissimum, L. oxycarpum, L. tenue;Venter 2000) and polyploid, dimorphic species (L. gariepense, L. hantamense, L. tetrandrum, L. strandveldense;VENTER 2000;VENTER and VENTER 2003a, b;VENTER 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Cytological information, including chromosome numbers and karyotypes, is available for many South American Lycium (BERNARDELLO 1982;BERNARDELLO et al 1995;STIEFKENS and BERNARDELLO 1996, 2000, 2002) and a few Asian species (SHEIDAI et al 1999;DONGLI et al 2000). Although chromosome numbers are available for the southern African species (MINNE 1992;SPIES et al 1993;VENTER 2000VENTER , 2007VENTER 2003a, 2003b), no karyotypes were reported.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Karyotypes and ﬂuorescent chromosome banding patterns in southern AfricanLycium(Solanaceae)

et al. 2010

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-Chromosomal analyses of several southern African Lycium species resulted in diploid (2n=24: L. amoenum, L. bosciifolium, L. ferocissimum, L. oxycarpum, L. tenue), tetraploid (2n=48: L. gariepense, L. strandveldense, L. hantamense), and hexaploid (2n=72: L. tetrandrum) counts. Chromosomes in all species were short (mean length = 2.00 μm; mean haploid genome length = 23.77 μm). Further, all species shared a highly symmetrical karyotype formula with 10 m pairs and 2 sm pairs, except L. bosciifolium with only one sm pair. The fi rst m pair had a terminal microsatellite on the short arms. Fluorescent chromosome banding patterns with CMA/ DAPI staining in the diploid species showed NOR-associated heterochromatin in the fi rst satellited pair. The tetraploids L. gariepense and L. hantamense had two chromosome pairs with a CMA + /DAPI -terminal band. Phylogenetic studies have shown that the southern African species are included in a monophyletic group including all Old World Lycium; these species are likely of recent origin and, despite ploidy differences, karyotypes are remarkably similar among species. Available data for South American, Asian, and southern African Lycium indicate that there is a common pattern of mostly m chromosomes in which a few cryptic chromosomal rearrangements may have occurred, suggesting that karyotypic orthoselection has preserved similar patterns among species. Thus, these data imply that speciation in Lycium was not accompanied by changes in chromosomal morphology.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Karyotypes and ﬂuorescent chromosome banding patterns in southern AfricanLycium(Solanaceae)

et al. 2010

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Chromosome evolution in the cosmopolitan genus Lycium (Solanaceae)

Stiefkens

Peñas

Levin

et al. 2020

TAXON

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Lycium is the only member of tribe Lycieae (Solanoideae, Solanaceae), and it has a cosmopolitan distribution with its greatest diversity in southern South America, southern Africa, and southwestern North America. To date, there has been no attempt to synthesize and evaluate the significance of the available cytogenetical data from a phylogenetic perspective, which is the objective of this study. Firstly, new data on 27 taxa from all its range of distribution (FISH in all of them, banding in 23, Feulgen technique in 14) were provided to fill gaps in the information. The chromosome numbers of L. australe, L. humile, and L. repens were recorded for the first time. Species showed x = 12 with different ploidy levels (mostly diploid or tetraploid), small chromosomes, and symmetrical karyotypes. Lycium fremontii and L. repens were outstanding for having the highest numbers reported for the genus: 10x and 11x, respectively. North American species showed comparatively longer chromosomes. Secondly, cytogenetical traits were mapped on a phylogenetic tree, using character mapping and ancestral states reconstruction, to understand the dynamics of the evolutionary changes. The main cytotaxonomical features were included: chromosome number, presence of polyploidy, total length of the haploid chromosome set, mean chromosome length, karyotype formula, A 1 and A 2 asymmetry indices, percentage of heterochromatin, number of CMA + /DAPI − NORs bands, and number and position of 5S and 18S-5.8S-26S sites. The mean chromosome length, total haploid chromosome length, number of 18S-5.8S-26S loci, number of CMA + /DAPI − NORs bands underwent comparatively few transitions compared with the ploidy level and number of 5S loci. The mapping of the characters on the phylogenetic tree showed that the most probable ancestral chromosome number was 2n = 24 with several independent polyploidization events and one pair of each rDNA locus. The most likely ancestral condition for the genus would be: diploid, with small chromosomes, scarce heterochromatin, asynteny of rDNA loci, and one pair of both 18S-5.8S-26S and 5S loci.

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A new generic circumscription in tribe Lycieae (Solanaceae)

Levin

Bernardello

Whiting

et al. 2011

TAXON

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Tribe Lycieae (Solanaceae) currently includes ca. 92 species in three genera. Two genera account for only a few species, as Phrodus is monotypic and Grabowskia includes just four species. By contrast, Lycium is one of the largest genera in the family, with ca. 88 species and over 95% of the species diversity in tribe Lycieae. Previous molecular studies have suggested that Lycium is paraphyletic and that species of Grabowskia are nested within Lycium. These studies also suggested that the genus Grabowskia was monophyletic, but questioned the integrity of species within it. Likewise, although the genus is defined by a unique fruit structure, morphology is of limited use in distinguishing species within Grabowskia. Depending on the study, Phrodus microphyllus has been placed either as sister to the rest of the tribe or nested within Lycium. In the present study we include data from two nuclear regions (granule-bound starch synthase and nitrate reductase) and four plastid spacer regions (trnH-pbsA, trnD GUC -trnT GGU , rpl32-trnL UAG , ndhF-rpl32) to more clearly resolve evolutionary relationships among genera within the tribe and among species in Grabowskia. Results confirm that Lycium is paraphyletic and includes a monophyletic Grabowskia. However, inclusion of multiple accessions of several Grabowskia species does not support the maintenance of distinct species in the genus. In addition, Phrodus microphyllus is moderately supported as basal within the tribe. Given these results, which are further strengthened by morphological and cytological data, we synonymize three Grabowskia species with Grabowskia boerhaviifolia and include this species within Lycium, using its basionym, Lycium boerhaviifolium L. f. Additionally, we transfer Phrodus microphyllus to the genus Lycium, proposing a new combination: Lycium bridgesii (Miers) Levin, Miller & Bernardello. Tribe Lycieae is now monotypic, including the single genus Lycium.

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Karyotypic studies in Lycium section Mesocope (Solanaceae) from South America

Cited by 16 publications

References 25 publications

Karyotypes and ﬂuorescent chromosome banding patterns in southern AfricanLycium(Solanaceae)

Karyotypes and ﬂuorescent chromosome banding patterns in southern AfricanLycium(Solanaceae)

Chromosome evolution in the cosmopolitan genus Lycium (Solanaceae)

A new generic circumscription in tribe Lycieae (Solanaceae)

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