Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces

Lundqvist, Daniel; Flykt, Anders; Öhman, Annika

doi:10.1037/t27732-000

Cited by 1,797 publications

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“…The experiment was programed using Presentation 13.0 (Neurobehavioral Systems). The images used in this experiment were taken from The Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces set (37), which is a set of images developed for use in perception, attention, emotion, memory, and backward masking experiments. The set consists of 70 individuals (35 men and 35 women), mean age 25 y (range, 20-30 y), with seven different facial expressions per individual.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Classical conditioning of analgesic and hyperalgesic pain responses without conscious awareness

Jensen

Kirsch

Odmalm

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

115

118

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Pain reduction and enhancement can be produced by means of conditioning procedures, yet the role of awareness during the acquisition stage of classical conditioning is unknown. We used psychophysical measures to establish whether conditioned analgesic and hyperalgesic responses could be acquired by unseen (subliminally presented) stimuli. A 2 × 2 factorial design, including subliminal/supraliminal exposures of conditioning stimuli (CS) during acquisition/extinction, was used. Results showed significant analgesic and hyperalgesic responses (P < 0.001), and responses were independent of CS awareness, as subliminal/supraliminal cues during acquisition/extinction led to comparable outcomes. The effect was significantly larger for hyperalgesic than analgesic responses (P < 0.001). Results demonstrate that conscious awareness of the CS is not required during either acquisition or extinction of conditioned analgesia or hyperalgesia. Our results support the notion that nonconscious stimuli have a pervasive effect on human brain function and behavior and may affect learning of complex cognitive processes such as psychologically mediated analgesic and hyperalgesic responses.classical conditioning | awareness | consciousness | placebo | nocebo I t has been well established that pain can be altered by associative learning procedures (1-3). In the present study, we sought to establish whether conditioned analgesic and hyperalgesic responses could be acquired by unseen (subliminally presented) stimuli.The human brain can process sensory stimuli outside of conscious awareness (4), but it is not clear to what extent learning can take place when we are not aware of the associations being made. On one hand, associative learning with subliminally presented stimuli has been demonstrated [e.g., by Degonda and colleagues (5)]; on the other hand, a sizeable literature indicates that pain conditioning is mediated by conscious expectations (6-10). Studies of fear learning in humans suggest that emotional contingencies can be acquired nonconsciously, as demonstrated by conditioned changes in autonomic and motor responses (11)(12)(13)(14). In addition to evidence for conditioning of low-level physiological responses, a recent literature challenges the idea that nonconscious processing stops at an early perceptual level (4), suggesting that higher-order cognitive representations, such as meaning and goal pursuits, can be acquired nonconsciously (15). Moreover, findings from neuroimaging studies show that nonconscious stimuli have extensive representations in the human brain, activating a large number of cortical areas (16-18) at frequency bands previously seen as markers of conscious awareness (19). Taken together, these results suggest that nonconscious stimuli have a pervasive effect on human brain function and behavior and may affect learning of complex cognitive processes such as psychologically mediated pain responses.In a previous study, we found that consciously conditioned analgesic and hyperalgesic pain responses could be activate...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Classical conditioning of analgesic and hyperalgesic pain responses without conscious awareness

Jensen

Kirsch

Odmalm

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

115

118

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…For the task the participants were asked to decide whether a picture of a human face was either emotional (showing any emotion, such as happiness, fear or anger) or neutral (no obvious show of emotion) by pressing one of two buttons. The faces were black-and-white photographs of emotional and neutral faces, taken from the Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces set (KDEF) 21 . All faces were 400 × 543 pixel arrays centered on an 800 × 600 black screen.…”

Section: Study I: Facial Emotion Discrimination Taskmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gaze fixation and the neural circuitry of face processing in autism

et al. 2005

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Diminished gaze fixation is one of the core features of autism and has been proposed to be associated with abnormalities in the neural circuitry of affect. We tested this hypothesis in two separate studies using eye tracking while measuring functional brain activity during facial discrimination tasks in individuals with autism and in typically developing individuals. Activation in the fusiform gyrus and amygdala was strongly and positively correlated with the time spent fixating the eyes in the autistic group in both studies, suggesting that diminished gaze fixation may account for the fusiform hypoactivation to faces commonly reported in autism. In addition, variation in eye fixation within autistic individuals was strongly and positively associated with amygdala activation across both studies, suggesting a heightened emotional response associated with gaze fixation in autism.Autism is a pervasive developmental disorder associated with a unique profile of social and emotional behavior. The core symptomatology of autism highlights these deficits and includes diminished gaze fixation, lack of social or emotional reciprocity, and failure to develop age-appropriate peer relationships 1,2 . Recent studies have focused on attention to faces and face processing abilities in children with autism, because of the crucial importance of faces as a medium of social communication among humans [3][4][5][6][7][8] . These studies demonstrate that inattention to faces is an early developmental sign of autism that is apparent as early as 1 year of age 9,10 . In addition, many children with autism are delayed in early, face-related social milestones, such as looking to another person's face to reference that person's

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“…Two pictures depicting male faces with neutral expressions were selected from the KDEF (Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces) (Lundqvist et al, 1998) to serve as conditioned stimuli. The pictures were projected via a slide projector (Ektapro 5000; Kodak, Stuttgart, Germany) onto a screen 2 m in front of the participant.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fear Conditioning following Unilateral Temporal Lobectomy: Dissociation of Conditioned Startle Potentiation and Autonomic Learning

Weike¹,

Hamm²,

Schupp³

et al. 2005

J. Neurosci.

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The present study investigated fear-potentiated startle and autonomic learning in brain-lesioned patients in a classical fear-conditioning paradigm. Startle blink and skin conductance responses of 30 patients who underwent unilateral temporal lobectomy because of drugresistant epilepsy were compared with those of 32 healthy controls. As expected, temporal lobectomy patients showed a general impairment in fear conditioning relative to controls. This impairment did not differ with respect to the affected hemisphere. Moreover, while fear-conditioned startle potentiation in healthy controls was independent of contingency awareness, skin conductance discrimination was only observed for those participants who correctly recognized the stimulus contingencies. Patients who acquired a declarative memory of the contingencies also showed intact skin conductance discrimination but failed to exhibit fear-potentiated startle. The present findings support a two-levels-of-learning account of human fear conditioning and also demonstrate that the amygdala is crucially involved in fear learning.

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Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces

Cited by 1,797 publications

References 0 publications

Classical conditioning of analgesic and hyperalgesic pain responses without conscious awareness

Classical conditioning of analgesic and hyperalgesic pain responses without conscious awareness

Gaze fixation and the neural circuitry of face processing in autism

Fear Conditioning following Unilateral Temporal Lobectomy: Dissociation of Conditioned Startle Potentiation and Autonomic Learning

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