Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus fine-tunes the temporal expression of late genes by manipulating a host RNA quality control pathway

Abstract

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a human oncogenic nuclear DNA virus that expresses its genes using the host cell transcription and RNA processing machinery. As a result, KSHV transcripts are subject to degradation by at least two host-mediated nuclear RNA decay pathways, PABPN1 and PAPα/γ-mediated RNA decay (PPD) and an ARS2-dependent decay pathway. Here, we present global analyses of viral transcript levels to further understand the roles of these decay pathways in KSHV gene expression. Consistent with our recent report that the KSHV ORF57 protein increases viral transcript stability by impeding ARS2-dependent decay, ARS2 knockdown has little effect on viral gene expression 24 hours after lytic reactivation of wild-type virus. In contrast, inactivation of PPD results in premature accumulation of late transcripts. The up-regulation of late transcripts does not require the primary late gene-specific viral transactivation factor, suggesting that cryptic transcription produces the transcripts that then succumb to PPD. Remarkably, PPD inactivation has no effect on late transcripts at their proper time of expression. We show that this time-dependent PPD evasion by late transcripts requires the host factor NRDE2, which has previously been reported to protect cellular RNAs by sequestering decay factors. From these studies, we conclude that KSHV uses PPD to fine-tune the temporal expression of its genes by preventing their premature accumulation.</jats:p><jats:sec><jats:title>Importance</jats:title><jats:p>Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is an oncogenic gammaherpesvirus that causes Kaposi’s sarcoma and other lymphoproliferative disorders. Nuclear expression of KSHV genes results in exposure to at least two host-mediated nuclear RNA decay pathways, PABPN1 and PAPα/γ-mediated RNA decay (PPD) and an ARS2-mediated decay pathway. Perhaps unsurprisingly, we previously found that KSHV uses specific mechanisms to protect its transcripts from ARS2-mediated decay. In contrast, here we show that PPD is required to dampen the expression of viral late transcripts that are prematurely transcribed, presumably due to cryptic transcription early in infection. At the proper time for their expression, KSHV late transcripts evade PPD through the activity of the host factor NRDE2. We conclude that KSHV fine-tunes the temporal expression of its genes by modulating PPD activity. Thus, the virus both protects from and exploits the host nuclear RNA decay machinery for proper expression of its genes.</jats:p></jats:sec>

Shiftless Restricts Viral Gene Expression and Influences RNA Granule Formation during KSHV lytic replication

“…This restriction of RNP granules during lytic replication is directly facilitated by the viral protein KSHV ORF57 ( 49,62 ). ORF57 is a master regulator of KSHV viral RNA fate with roles ranging from viral mRNA splicing, nuclear mRNA export, and even facilitation of viral mRNA translation in the cytoplasm ( 39,63,64 ). As such, we were keenly interested in understanding the relationship between SHFL and ORF57.…”