“…Nanomaterials have several applications such as gas sensors, 6 photocatalysts, 7,8 solar cells, 9 wood preservatives, 10 and environmental remediation applications. 11–13 Antimicrobial nanomaterials have attracted great attention because of their exceptional properties and unique mechanisms of action against microbes. Antibacterial nanoparticles inhibit bacterial growth and destroy cells through complex mechanisms, making it difficult for bacteria to develop drug resistance.…”