Kant on Consciousness

Serck-Hanssen, Camilla

doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-8582-6_8

Cited by 14 publications

(17 citation statements)

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“…1) and rate of initiation of new transcripts (Fig. 3) responded over rather prolonged ϳ16-h time courses to nicotinic stimulation; this is perhaps not surprising, since chromogranin A is a quantitatively unusual protein-it may account for ϳ7% of total chromaffin cell protein (48), its transcripts may represent ϳ5% of total chromaffin cell mRNA (49), and its t1 ⁄2 in chromaffin cells is ϳ79 h (50).…”

Section: Table VI Cre (Camp-response Element) Domain Transfersmentioning

confidence: 90%

Stimulus-transcription Coupling in Pheochromocytoma Cells

Tang¹,

Wu²,

Mahata³

et al. 1996

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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To explore stimulus-transcription coupling in pheochromocytoma cells, we studied the biosynthetic response of chromogranin A, the major soluble protein co-stored and co-released with catecholamines, to chromaffin cells' physiologic nicotinic cholinergic secretory stimulation. Chromogranin A mRNA showed a time-dependent 3.87-fold response to nicotinic stimulation, and a nuclear run-off experiment indicated that the response occurred at a transcriptional level. Transfected chromogranin A promoter/luciferase reporter constructs were activated by nicotinic stimulation, in timeand dose-dependent fashions, in both rat PC12 pheochromocytoma cells and bovine chromaffin cells. Cholinergic subtype agents indicated that nicotinic stimulation was required. Promoter deletions established both positive and negative nicotinic response domains. Transfer of candidate promoter domains to a heterologous (thymidine kinase) promoter conferred region-specific nicotinic responses onto that promoter. A proximal promoter domain (from ؊93 to ؊62 base pairs) was activated in copy number-and distance-dependent fashion, and thus displayed features of a promoter element. Its activation was sufficient to account for the overall positive response to nicotine. Within this proximal region, a cAMP response element (CRE) was implicated as a major nicotinic response element, since a CRE pointgap mutation decreased nicotinic induction, transfer of CRE to a thymidine kinase promoter augmented the promoter's response to nicotine, and nicotine activated the CRE-binding protein CREB through phosphorylation at serine 133. We conclude that secretory stimulation of pheochromocytoma cells also activates the biosynthesis of the major secreted protein (chromogranin A), that the activation is transcriptional, and that a small proximal domain, including the CRE box, is, at least in part, both necessary and sufficient to account for the positive response to nicotine.When chromaffin cells and sympathetic axons discharge their vesicular stores of peptides and catecholamines after secretory stimuli, how do they resynthesize the released components? Does the same signal that causes secretion also trigger transcriptional activation of secretory peptide genes?Tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine biosynthesis, is transcriptionally activated (1-3) in chromaffin cells or noradrenergic neurons by the usual secretory stimulus, a nicotinic cholinergic agonist. Other catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes which respond to such stimuli include phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase and dopamine-␤-hydroxylase (4, 5). Chromaffin granule soluble components, such as proenkephalin A and carboxypeptidase H, also respond to secretory stimuli (4, 5).Since the quantitatively major soluble protein co-stored and co-released by exocytosis with catecholamines is chromogranin A (6, 7), we studied the response of the chromogranin A gene to activation of PC12 pheochromocytoma cell secretion by nicotinic cholinergic stimulation (4, 5, 8, 9). Our results suggest that chr...

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Section: Table VI Cre (Camp-response Element) Domain Transfersmentioning

confidence: 90%

Stimulus-transcription Coupling in Pheochromocytoma Cells

Tang¹,

Wu²,

Mahata³

et al. 1996

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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“…The physicochemical properties and tissue distribution of CgA have been extensively characterized (2)(3)(4)(5). For instance, CgA is co-stored with various hormones in the secretory vesicles of cells of the gastrointestinal tract (4), the adeno-and neurohypophysis (5), the parathyroid (6), the endocrine pancreas (7), the thyroid C-cells (8), the immune system (9), and the atrial myocardium (10).…”

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confidence: 99%

Chromogranin A Fragments Modulate Cell Adhesion

Gasparri¹,

Sidoli²,

Sanchez³

et al. 1997

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Although several functions have been suggested for chromogranin A, a glycoprotein secreted by many neuroendocrine cells, the physiological role of this protein and of its proteolytic fragments has not been established. We have found that mixtures of chromogranin A fragments can inhibit fibroblast adhesion. The anti-adhesive activity was converted into pro-adhesive activity by limited trypsin treatment. Pro-adhesive effects were observed also with recombinant N-terminal fragments corresponding to residues 1-78 and 1-115 and with a synthetic peptide encompassing the residues 7-57. These fragments induced adhesion and spreading of fibroblasts on plates coated with collagen I or IV, laminin, fetal calf serum (FCS) but not on bovine serum albumin. The long incubation time required for adhesion assays (4 h) and the FCS requirements for optimal adhesion suggest that the adhesive activity is likely indirect and requires other proteins present in the FCS or made by the cells. These findings suggest that chromogranin A and its fragments could play a role in the regulation of cell adhesion. Since chromogranin A is concentrated and stored within granules and rapidly released by neuroendocrine cells and neurons after an appropriate stimulus, this protein could be important for the local control of cell adhesion by stimulated cells.

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“…Found: C, 71.8%; 13,11.95y0;neutral equiv.,298;[a],+4.4" (c,7.9,CH3COOH). Methyl-17-hydroxystearate was prepared from the acid with diazomethane and crystallized from petroleum (b.p.…”

Section: -Hydroxystearic Acidmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The asymmetric center a t carbon-17 has been provisionally assig~led the L-configuration since the specific rotation of 17-hydroxyoctadeca~~oic acid was +4.4". Assuming that the carboxyl group a t the end of a long methylene chain has no more effect on the specific rotation than a methyl group the saturated CIS hydroxy acid can be regarded a s a D-carbinol (IX) of which all known members of the type depicted are dextrorotatory same configuration as synthetic 12-L-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid ([a],, $0.8") (13) as the sign of rotation is the same.…”

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confidence: 99%

Hydroxy Fatty Acid Glycosides of Sophorose From Torulopsis Magnoliae

Gorin¹,

Spencer²,

Tulloch³

1961

Can. J. Chem.

222

101

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The oil forlned during fernlentation by a strain of Torldopsis nrag~roliae consisted 1nai111y of partly acetylated 2-0-0-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucopyrano units attached 0-glycosidically to 17-L-hydroxyoctadec;unoic ancl 17-L-hydroxy-9-octadecenoic acids.A strain of osmophilic yeast, Torulopsis magnoliae, isolated fro111 SOW thistle petals, was found to produce (1) an extracellular, heavier than water oil. The main components of the oil are now shown to be glycolipids (I and 11) consisting of 2-0-/3-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose units linked /3-glycosidically to 17-L-hydroxyoctadecanoic and 17-Lhydroxy-9-octadecenoic acids, the sugar moieties being partly acetylated.The oil was labile both to acid and alkali. I-Iot methanolic sodium methoxide removed the acetyl groups, which constituted about 1.5 substituent groups per mole (the positions of these substituents were not determined). The deacetylated product, after fractionation, yielded a solid (I and II),which contained allnost equal quantities of lactonic and acidic glycolipids, and it was on this mixture that the characterization studies of the sugar portion were carried out.Acid methanolysis of the deacetylated oil yielded 2 moles of methyl-a-D-glucopyranoside and 1 mole of a mixture of fatty acid methyl esters. Gas -liquid phase chromatography of the esters on a silicone column showed one principal peak a t the C20 saturated position with a shoulder suggesting partial resolution of saturated and unsaturated esters (2). However, on a butanediol succinate colulnn (3) no peaks appeared after 2 hours (normal emergence time for a C20 ester was 30 minutes). The properties suggested that the major con~pounds present were C18 esters containing a polar substituent, such as a llydroxyl group (4) and the presence of the latter group was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy. From the quantity of permanganate-periodate reagent (5) consumed, the mixture was shown to contain 65% of nlonoolefinic ester. Fractional crystallization of the methyl esters also yielded 65% unsaturated and 35% saturated ester. However, later fermentations contained only about 10yo of the saturated material. Catalytic hydrogenation showed that the unsaturated c 1 8 ester (IV) contained one double bond and the product obtained was identical with the saturated Cl8 con~ponent (111). The position of the hydroxyl group in these compounds was shown to be a t C17, by the formation of 17-0x0-stearic acid (V) when the saturated acid was oxidized with chromium trioxide. An authentic specimen of V was synthesized by the method of Bergstrom et al. (6) from 15-bromopentadecanoic acid. The latter was prepared from 15-hydroxypentadecanoic acid which was in turn obtained from the 15,lB-dihydroxypalinitic acid described by Leinieux (7).The unsaturated component (IV) was shown to be 17-hydroxy-9-octadecenoic acid methyl ester since the acid on oxidation with permanganate-periodate (5) yielded azelaic 1Manz4script received Decevlber SO, 1960.

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Kant on Consciousness

Cited by 14 publications

References 0 publications

Stimulus-transcription Coupling in Pheochromocytoma Cells

Stimulus-transcription Coupling in Pheochromocytoma Cells

Chromogranin A Fragments Modulate Cell Adhesion

Hydroxy Fatty Acid Glycosides of Sophorose From Torulopsis Magnoliae

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