Kala-azar Control, Uganda

Kolaczinski, Jan; Worku, Dagemlidet Tesfaye; Chappuis, François; Reithinger, Richard; Kabatereine, Narcis B.; Onapa, Ambrose; Brooker, Simon

doi:10.3201/eid1303.060706

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Similar to many other developing countries, Uganda is affected by a high burden of NTDs: visceral leishmaniasis (VL; kala-azar) [10] , human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) [11] , trachoma [12] , Buruli ulcer [13] , soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) [14] , schistosomiasis owing to Schistosoma mansoni [15] , lymphatic filariasis (LF) [16] and onchocerciasis [17] ( Table 2 ). Dracunculiasis and leprosy have recently been eliminated from the country [18] .…”

Section: Potential For Integrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These two foci are currently geographically separated but are becoming worryingly close [11,24] . The endemicity of VL has, so far, been defined only on the basis of passive case-detection data, which suggest that the disease is restricted to Pokot county, a semiarid lowland area in the Nakapiripirit district [10] ; however, there are concerns that VL might be endemic over a larger area. Trachoma is thought to be endemic in at least 26 districts, putting ∼7 million people at risk.…”

Section: Geography Of Integrated Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…HAT is transmitted by tsetse flies and occurs more often in adults [38] , whereas VL is transmitted by sandflies and, at least in Uganda, is most common in children and teenagers [10] . Vector control can make an important contribution to reducing the burden of both diseases [39–41] , but it is rarely implemented because of a lack of financial resources.…”

Section: Epidemiology and Ecology Of Integrated Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Neglected tropical diseases in Uganda: the prospect and challenge of integrated control

Kolaczinski

Kabatereine

Onapa

et al. 2007

Trends in Parasitology

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So-called ‘neglected tropical diseases’ (NTDs) are becoming less neglected, with increasing political and financial commitments to their control. These recent developments were preceded by substantial advocacy for integrated control of different NTDs, on the premise that integration is both feasible and cost-effective. Although the approach is intuitively attractive, there are few countrywide experiences to confirm or refute this assertion. Using the example of Uganda, this article reviews the geographical and epidemiological bases for integration and assesses the potential opportunities for, and operational challenges of, integrating existing control activities for several of these diseases under an umbrella vertical programme.

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Section: Potential For Integrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Geography Of Integrated Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Epidemiology and Ecology Of Integrated Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Neglected tropical diseases in Uganda: the prospect and challenge of integrated control

Kolaczinski

Kabatereine

Onapa

et al. 2007

Trends in Parasitology

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“…Outside this large region, several other foci have been reported, including the area of Kapoeta near the Kenyan border and the new endemic area of the Western Upper Nile (Seamann et al 1996). In Uganda, the disease appears to be restricted to Pokot County, in Nakapirit District, close to the border with Kenya (Kolaczinski et al 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecology and control of the sand fly vectors of Leishmania donovani in East Africa, with special emphasis on Phlebotomus orientalis

Elnaiem¹

2011

Journal of Vector Ecology

110

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A literature review is provided on the state of knowledge of the ecology and control of the sand fly vectors of Leishmania donovani in East Africa, with a special emphasis on Phlebotomus orientalis. Visceral leishmaniasis caused by L. donovani is a major health problem in several areas in East Africa. Studies conducted in the past 70 years identified P. orientalis Parrot and P. martini Parrot as the principal vectors of L. donovani in Sudan, Ethiopia and Kenya and P. celiae Minter as the secondary vector of the parasite in one focus in Ethiopia. Findings on sand fly fauna and other circumstantial evidence indicate that P. martini is also responsible for transmission of L. donovani in VL endemic foci of Somalia and Uganda. Several studies showed that P. orientalis occupy distinct habitat characterized by black cotton soil and Acacia seyalBalanites aegyptiaca vegetation, whereas P. martini and P. celiae are associated with termite mounds. Little knowledge exists on effective control measures of sand fly vectors of L. donovani in East Africa. However, recent evidence showed that use of insecticide impregnated bednets and insect repellents may reduce exposure to the bites of P. orientalis. Journal of Vector Ecology 36 (Supplement 1): S23-S31. 2011.

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“…There have been no studies on local determinants, risk factors for VL, transmission dynamics, or vector control in Somalia, but the transmission cycle is supposedly human to human, similar to that in Uganda, Sudan, South Sudan, and Kenya [ 28 , 32 , 33 ]. Though several animals have been suggested as reservoir hosts (dogs, wild mammals such as the Nile rat, mice, gerbils, servals), their role in transmission in the region is unclear [ 34 , 35 ].…”

Section: Vl Epidemiology In Somaliamentioning

confidence: 99%

Visceral leishmaniasis in Somalia: A review of epidemiology and access to care

2017

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Somalia, ravaged by conflict since 1991, has areas endemic for visceral leishmaniasis (VL), a deadly parasitic disease affecting the rural poor, internally displaced, and pastoralists. Very little is known about VL burden in Somalia, where the protracted crisis hampers access to health care. We reviewed evidence about VL epidemiology in Somalia and appraised control options within the context of this fragile state’s health system. VL has been reported in Somalia since 1934 and has persisted ever since in foci in the southern parts of the country. The only feasible VL control option is early diagnosis and treatment, currently mostly provided by nonstate actors. The availability of VL care in Somalia is limited and insufficient at best, both in coverage and quality. Precarious security remains a major obstacle to reach VL patients in the endemic areas, and the true VL burden and its impact remain unknown. Locally adjusted, innovative approaches in VL care provision should be explored, without undermining ongoing health system development in Somalia. Ensuring VL care is accessible is a moral imperative, and the limitations of the current VL diagnostic and treatment tools in Somalia and other endemic settings affected by conflict should be overcome.

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Kala-azar Control, Uganda

Cited by 9 publications

References 7 publications

Neglected tropical diseases in Uganda: the prospect and challenge of integrated control

Neglected tropical diseases in Uganda: the prospect and challenge of integrated control

Ecology and control of the sand fly vectors of Leishmania donovani in East Africa, with special emphasis on Phlebotomus orientalis

Visceral leishmaniasis in Somalia: A review of epidemiology and access to care

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